Glottopedia - User contributions [en]

Airstream

2015-06-02T20:36:35Z

Tim.mills: Created a first pass at a definition.

The way air is moved about in the vocal tract to produce sound is referred to as the '''airstream''', or '''airstream mechanism'''. Airstreams are described in terms of the generator of movement and the direction of movement.

Generators of movement:
* Pulmonic: lungs
* Glottalic: glottis/larynx
* Velaric: velar closure with the back of the tongue

Directions of movement:
* Ingressive: inwards (away from lips)
* Egressive: outwards (towards lips)

There are four main airstreams used in human speech.
* Pulmonic egressive. This is by far the most common airstream used. About 82% of languages (including English and most other European languages) use this airstream exclusively. This airstream generates sound by moving air outward from the lungs.
* Glottalic egressive. This airstream produces consonants known as [[ejectives]], transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] with an apostrophe after a voiceless obstruent symbol, such as [p']. These sounds are produced with a closed larynx moving up, pushing air ahead of it.
* Glottalic ingressive. This airstream produces consonants known as [[implosives]], transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] using characters with a right hook off an ascending portion of the glyph for a voiced pulmonic plosive, such as [ɓ].
* Velaric ingressive. This airstream produces consonants known as [[clicks]], of which there are five recognized in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] and transcribed with five different symbols: [ʘǀǃǂǁ].

The pulmonic ingressive airstream is physiologically achievable, and is used [[paralinguistic|paralinguistically]] in some cultures [ref needed]. However, it is never used [[phonemic contrast|contrastively]], and so the IPA does not contain symbols or diacritics to represent such productions.

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Non-pulmonic consonants

2015-06-02T20:24:48Z

Tim.mills: Created a first pass at a definition.

The '''non-pulmonic consonants''' are those [[Consonant|consonants]] produced with airstreams besides [[pulmonic (egressive)]]. These include glottalic egressive consonants ([[ejectives]]), glottalic ingressive consonants ([[implosives]]), and velaric ingressive consonants ([[clicks]]).

Non-pulmonic consonants occur in about 18% of the world's languages. [http://wals.info/chapter/7]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

Pulmonic consonants

2015-06-02T20:22:13Z

Tim.mills: Created a first pass at a definition.

The '''pulmonic consonants''' are those [[Consonant|consonants]] produced with a [[pulmonic (egressive)]] airstream - they are made with air being pushed out from the lungs.

All of the consonants of English are pulmonic consonants. Most languages use only pulmonic consonants; [[non-pulmonic consonants]] are used in only 18% of the world's languages (not always contrastively). [http://wals.info/chapter/7]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]

International Phonetic Alphabet

2015-06-02T20:13:56Z

Tim.mills:

The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' (commonly known as the '''IPA''') is a set of symbols associated with speech sounds, designed for use in describing and comparing the pronunciations of all of the spoken languages of the world. It is produced by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (also abbreviated '''IPA''').

The International Phonetic Alphabet was first published in 1887. The most recent revision was made in 2005. The alphabet is divided into sections:
* [[Pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[Place of articulation|place]] and [[Manner of articulation|manner]] of articulation)
* [[Non-pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[airstream]] type and [[Place of articulation]])
* [[Vowels]] (organized by [[tongue height]] and [[tongue backness|backness]], and by [[lip rounding]])
* Other symbols (consonants that do not easily fit in the other sections)
* Diacritics (modifiers that can be placed above, below, or beside characters to adjust the intended articulation)
* [[Suprasegmentals]] (characterizing aspects of articulation beyond the segmental level)
* [[Tone|Tones]] and word accents

=== Link ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=IPA&lemmacode=1224 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipachart.html The alphabet at the International Phonetic Association]
[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm An example of the alphabet with accompanying audio illustrations]<br />

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics]]

International Phonetic Alphabet

2015-06-02T19:00:06Z

Tim.mills:

The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' (commonly known as the '''IPA''') is a set of symbols associated with speech sounds, designed for use in describing and comparing the pronunciations of all of the spoken languages of the world. It is produced by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (also abbreviated '''IPA''').

The International Phonetic Alphabet was first published in 19__. The most recent revision was made in 2005. The alphabet is divided into sections:
* [[Pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[Place of articulation|place]] and [[Manner of articulation|manner]] of articulation)
* [[Non-pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[airstream]] type and [[Place of articulation]])
* [[Vowels]] (organized by [[tongue height]] and [[tongue backness|backness]], and by [[lip rounding]])
* Other symbols (consonants that do not easily fit in the other sections)
* Diacritics (modifiers that can be placed above, below, or beside characters to adjust the intended articulation)
* [[Suprasegmentals]] (characterizing aspects of articulation beyond the segmental level)
* [[Tone|Tones]] and word accents

=== Link ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=IPA&lemmacode=1224 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipachart.html The alphabet at the International Phonetic Association]
[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm An example of the alphabet with accompanying audio illustrations]<br />

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics]]

International Phonetic Alphabet

2015-06-02T18:59:18Z

Tim.mills: Provided draft definition.

The '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' (commonly known as the '''IPA''') is a set of symbols associated with speech sounds, designed for use in describing and comparing the pronunciations of all of the spoken languages of the world. It is produced by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (also abbreviated '''IPA''').

The International Phonetic Alphabet was first published in 19__. The most recent revision was made in 2005. The alphabet is divided into sections:
* [[Pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[Place of Articulation|place]] and [[Manner of Articulation|manner]] of articulation)
* [[Non-pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[airstream]] type and [[place of articulation]])
* [[Vowels]] (organized by [[tongue height]] and [[tongue backness|backness]], and by [[lip rounding]])
* Other symbols (consonants that do not easily fit in the other sections)
* Diacritics (modifiers that can be placed above, below, or beside characters to adjust the intended articulation)
* [[Suprasegmentals]] (characterizing aspects of articulation beyond the segmental level)
* [[Tone|Tones]] and word accents

=== Link ===

[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=IPA&lemmacode=1224 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipachart.html The alphabet at the International Phonetic Association]
[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm An example of the alphabet with accompanying audio illustrations]<br />

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Phonetics

2015-06-02T18:47:32Z

Tim.mills:

{{stub}}

'''Phonetics''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the [[articulation|articulatory]], [[acoustics|acoustic]], and [[perception|perceptual]] properties of [[speech sound]]s. It has corresponding subfields: [[Articulatory Phonetics]], which explores how speech sounds are produced; [[Acoustic Phonetics]], which looks at the acoustic properties of speech sounds; and [[Speech Perception]], which examines the auditory system as well as the ways in which we perceive speech sounds. Speech therapists and audiologists also study [[Clinical Phonetics]], which looks at pathological instances of speech production and perception and studies how to correct deficiencies.

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''phonetic''.

===Origin===
Based on the Greek ''phonetikos'', meaning ''vocal''. The term ''phonetic'' was first attested in English in 1826, while the use of ''phonetics'' to mean the scientific study of speech appeared in 1841.

===References===
*Harper, Douglas (2001-2010) Online Etymology Dictionary (''"phonetic"''). Accessed: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=phonetic July 24, 2010

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[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

Acoustics

2015-06-02T18:46:50Z

Tim.mills:

'''Acoustics''' is the study of sound waves. It is properly a subfield of physics, but is also key to the linguistic specialization of [[Acoustic Phonetics]].

Acoustics allows us to understand how movements in the [[vocal tract]] produce all of the [[speech sounds]] of human language. It also allows us to analyse those sounds based on audio recordings.

The main tools of acoustic phonetic research are the [[waveform]], which graphs pressure over time, and the [[spectrogram]], which breaks a sound down into its component frequencies. Typical investigations will examine the [[duration]] of particular sounds or parts of sounds, the [[frequency]] of various elements of the signal, such as the [[fundamental frequency]] or [[formant]] frequencies, or [[amplitude]].

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Acoustics

2015-06-02T18:46:12Z

Tim.mills: Created a first pass at a definition.

'''Acoustics''' is the study of sound waves. It is properly a subfield of physics, but is also key to the subfield of [[Acoustic Phonetics]].

Acoustics allows us to understand how movements in the [[vocal tract]] produce all of the [[speech sounds]] of human language. It also allows us to analyse those sounds based on audio recordings.

The main tools of acoustic phonetic research are the [[waveform]], which graphs pressure over time, and the [[spectrogram]], which breaks a sound down into its component frequencies. Typical investigations will examine the [[duration]] of particular sounds or parts of sounds, the [[frequency]] of various elements of the signal, such as the [[fundamental frequency]] or [[formant]] frequencies, or [[amplitude]].

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics]]

Phonetics

2015-06-02T18:38:26Z

Tim.mills: Expanded summary, adding more links.

{{stub}}

'''Phonetics''' is the subfield of linguistics that is concerned with the [[articulation|articulatory]], [[acoustics|acoustic]], and [[speech perception|perceptual]] properties of [[speech sound]]s. It has corresponding subfields: [[Articulatory Phonetics]], which explores how speech sounds are produced; [[Acoustic Phonetics]], which looks at the acoustic properties of speech sounds; and [[Speech Perception]], which examines the auditory system as well as the ways in which we perceive speech sounds. Speech therapists and audiologists also study [[Clinical Phonetics]], which looks at pathological instances of speech production and perception and studies how to correct deficiencies.

===Term properties===
The corresponding relational adjective is ''phonetic''.

===Origin===
Based on the Greek ''phonetikos'', meaning ''vocal''. The term ''phonetic'' was first attested in English in 1826, while the use of ''phonetics'' to mean the scientific study of speech appeared in 1841.

===References===
*Harper, Douglas (2001-2010) Online Etymology Dictionary (''"phonetic"''). Accessed: http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=phonetic July 24, 2010

{{dc}}
[[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]

User:Tim.mills

2015-06-02T18:26:09Z

Tim.mills: typo

__TOC__

<div {{Greybox}}>Dr. Timothy Mills<br>
Department of Linguistics [http://www.linguistics.ualberta.ca/]<br>
University of Alberta [http://www.ualberta.ca]<br>
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada<br>

If you want to know more, leave me a message on my '''[[User_Talk:Tim.mills|talk page]]''' or send me an [[Special:Emailuser/Tim.mills|e-mail]]:
'''timills (at) ualberta.ca'''

</div>

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
|-
|
|<div {{Greenbox2}}>
==What I am doing here==
I would like to clean up the phonetics section so that I (and others) can use it as a resource in teaching introductory undergraduate courses.

The user Tim Mills (co)edited [[Special:Contributions/Tim.mills|these articles]].
|-
|}

==More about me==
* [http://www.ualberta.ca/~timills My personal Homepage]

{{about}}

User:Tim.mills

2015-06-02T18:25:39Z

Tim.mills: Basic about page (modelled on Wohlgemuth).

__TOC__

<div {{Greybox}}>Dr. Timothy Mills<br>
Department of Linguistics [http://www.linguistics.ualberta.ca/]<br>
University of Alberta [http://www.ualberta.ca]<br>
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada<br>

If you want to know more, leave me a message on my '''[[User_Talk:Tim.mills|talk page]]''' or send me an [[Special:Emailuser/Tim.mills|e-mail]]:
'''timills (at) ualberta.ca'''

</div>

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
|-
|
|<div {{Greenbox2}}>
==What I am doing here==
I would like to clean up the phonetics section so that I (and others) can use it as a resource in teaching introductory undergraduate courses.

The user Tim Mills (co)edited [[Special:Contributions/Tim.mills|these articles]].
|-
|}

==More about m==
* [http://www.ualberta.ca/~timills My personal Homepage]

{{about}}

Talk:Place of articulation

2015-06-02T18:14:28Z

Tim.mills:

I am expanding this article to cover the main information behind the IPA places of articulation.

--[[User:Tim.mills|Tim.mills]] ([[User talk:Tim.mills|talk]]) 20:14, 2 June 2015 (CEST)

Talk:Place of articulation

2015-06-02T18:14:13Z

Tim.mills: Note to indicate my editing intention.

I am expanding this article to cover the main information behind the IPA places of articulation.

Place of articulation

2015-06-02T18:12:58Z

Tim.mills: Place is a constriction, not necessarily made by the tongue (cf bilabial, pharyngeal, glottal) - adjusted the text to reflect this. Added "pharyngeal" to main list, and added short list of less common POAs (as mentioned in introductory paragraph).

In [[phonetics]], the '''place of articulation''' refers to the part of the [[vocal tract]] where the constriction is made to produce a particular sound. There are eleven commonly-used places of articulation, and a few less commonly used ones.

===List of main places of articulation===
*[[bilabial]]
*[[labiodental]]
*[[apicodental]] (also known as "dental" or "interdental")
*[[alveolar]]
*[[postalveolar]] (also known as "alveo-palatal" or "palato-alveolar")
*[[retroflex]]
*[[palatal]]
*[[velar]]
*[[uvular]]
*[[pharyngeal]]
*[[glottal]]

===Less-commonly-used places of articulation===
*[[alveolopalatal]]
*[[epiglottal]]

===Other languages===
German [[Artikulationsort]]

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[[Category:Phonetics]]
[[Category:Articulation]]
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