http://glottopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Antony+Green&feedformat=atomGlottopedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T15:53:29ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=11051User:Antony Green2010-07-29T14:33:14Z<p>Antony Green: update link</p>
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<div>I’m Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to. Since I don't have a homepage, I'll put a mini-CV here to establish my credentials.<br />
<br />
;Education<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation], University of Potsdam, 2006<br />
**Habilitation topic, [http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/lip/27/LIP27.pdf ''Phonology Limited''].<br />
<br />
;Employment<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997–99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000–04<br />
<br />
;Areas of specialty<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*2008: Coronals and compounding in Irish. ''Linguistics'' 46:193–213.<br />
*2007: [http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/lip/27/LIP27.pdf ''Phonology Limited'']. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=11050User:Antony Green2010-07-29T14:32:48Z<p>Antony Green: update info</p>
<hr />
<div>I’m Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to. Since I don't have a homepage, I'll put a mini-CV here to establish my credentials.<br />
<br />
;Education<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation], University of Potsdam, 2006<br />
**Habilitation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology Limited''].<br />
<br />
;Employment<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997–99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000–04<br />
<br />
;Areas of specialty<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*2008: Coronals and compounding in Irish. ''Linguistics'' 46:193–213.<br />
*2007: [http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/lip/27/LIP27.pdf ''Phonology Limited'']. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=11049Irish2010-07-29T14:28:57Z<p>Antony Green: rv: the point is that (6) is UNgrammatical (and tábla is an acceptable variant of bord)</p>
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<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or “broad”) and a palatalized (or “slender”) variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
In the northern (Ulster) and western (Connacht) dialects, stress regularly falls on the first syllable of the word, apart from a few adverbs like ''anseo'' ‘here’ and ''abhaile'' ‘home(ward)’ where it falls on the second syllable. In the southern (Munster) dialect, stress falls on the second syllable of a word if that syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, but the third syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, stress falls on the third syllable. If the second syllable contains the vowel /a/ followed by the consonant /x/, and both the first and third syllables contain short vowels, the stress falls on the second syllable. In all other cases (apart from the adverbs like ''anseo'' and ''abhaile'' mentioned above, and a few other exceptions) the stress falls on the first syllable.<br />
<br />
In the northern dialect, long vowels appear only in stressed syllables; they are shortened in unstressed syllables, but do not take on the lax quality of the short vowel phonemes; thus a shortened /iː/ is still a tense [i], not a lax [ɪ].<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called “autonomous”) and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
The “autonomous” form of a verb is used when the subject is undefined; it can be translated into English with ‘someone’ as the subject, as in ''léitear'' ‘someone reads’. It is often used in a [[passive]] function (e.g. ''aithristear an scéal'' ‘someone tells the story’ or ‘the story is told’), but it is not a passive in form as its [[argument]] is a direct object, not a subject.<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, ‘you (singular) praise’ may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.<br />
<br />
Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' ‘with’ has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:<br />
<center><br />
{|<br />
! &nbsp; || Singular || Plural<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || liom ‘with me’ || linn ‘with us’<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || leat ‘with you’ || libh ‘with you’<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || leis ‘with him’<br />léi ‘with her’ || leo ‘with them’<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
‘Seán drinks milk.’<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D’ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
‘Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D’ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
‘Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' ‘to be’ (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
‘The box is full.’<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
‘The box is on the table.’ <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
‘Máire is a teacher.’<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
‘Máire is the teacher.’<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:Portal:Phonetics_and_phonology&diff=4417Talk:Portal:Phonetics and phonology2007-10-28T22:29:16Z<p>Antony Green: fix link</p>
<hr />
<div>This is really funny. Not only is there no article about phonemes, it isn't even listed as potential.<br />
<br />
Or do you think phonemes are no part of phonology?<br />
<br />
[[User:Dkleinecke|Dkleinecke]] 00:06, 27 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:Do you mean no article on the [[Phoneme]], or do you mean no articles on individual phonemes, like [[voiced bilabial stop]] and [[high front tense unrounded vowel]]? I certainly agree there should be an article [[Phoneme]], and its omission from this list is far more likely by accident than design. As for individual phonemes, I'm less sure. Wikipedia has a separate article on every sound that has its own IPA character, but most of them are extremely short, and I'm not always convinced of their usefulness. —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 07:30, 28 October 2007 (CET)<br />
<br />
::Articles on individual phonemes such as [[voiced bilabial stop]] would not fulfill the criteria for [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles/Technical terms|dictionary articles]], because they are compositional complex expressions. One could conceivably have [[Glottopedia:Survey articles|survey articles]] about them, but it seems unlikely that they would be found very useful. Note that similarly in syntax, one would not have articles on ''interrogative passive clause'', or ''plural noun phrase''. Of course, the fact that [[phoneme]] was omitted from the list was a pure accident.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 17:59, 28 October 2007 (CET)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum/Archive_01&diff=4401Glottopedia:Forum/Archive 012007-10-28T06:43:45Z<p>Antony Green: /* Language Description */</p>
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Why is Glottopedia in ISO-8859-1 and not in Unicode? Wikipedia is in Unicode (UTF-8). --[[User:David Marjanović|David Marjanović]] 01:56, 28 June 2007 (CEST)<br />
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<br />
==Edit URL==<br />
Why is the URL of articles in Glottopedia hidden (when I enter via www.glottopedia.org)? It is really practical that one can edit the URL and get directly to some articles, categories, or templates. When I enter Glottopedia via http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php I can manipulate the URL as described. But this should be possible via www.glottopedia.org aswell. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:There is a detailed description for at least three <span style="background-color:yellow;">solutions how to do this in the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Short_URL MediaWiki manual]</span>. It should work even if you don't have a root access to the host server. So please somebody try one of the possibilities to keep the URL short '''and''' editable. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 13:05, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==External Links Keep Glottopedia URL!==<br />
When you click on an external link in Glottopedia, the URL in the adress field of your browser remains <nowiki>http://www.glottopedia.org/</nowiki> this should not be. Try this external link to Google: http://www.google.com/ --18:14, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Category names==<br />
What do LIRE and HYPO stand for? These are names of [[Special:Categories|categories]] which I can't guess. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:43, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:LIRE is no longer used. "HYPO" stands for [[Glottopedia:Dictionary_articles/Hypotheses_and_approaches|hypothesis and approach articles]], although we need to think more about whether we need it and how exactly we apply it. It should be considered preliminary at this point. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:05, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Rename LING to RESEARCH? ==<br />
<br />
I'd rename the ''LING'' article type to ''RESEARCH''. What do you think? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:11, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:My original proposal was to name these articles "linguistics articles", to which Sven objected that in a way all articles are about linguistics. "Linguistic research articles" is probably better, although not all of them are about research in the narrow sense (basically they are about linguists' activities). Anyway, I like the abbreviation "LING" for "Linguistic research" much better than "LIRE". "RESEARCH" I find too long. But ultimately it's a matter of taste, and if someone else is strongly against "linguistic reaearch/LING", I'll be happy to go along with an alternative proposal.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:09, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::Well, I thought if LINGUIST is not too long a category label, maybe RESEARCH would also be ok. For LING it is not immediately transparent what category it is. Anybody who wants to know what it is has to read it somewhere (where?). One thinks intuitively about "linguist", linguistics in general, but not of current research. I think this RESEARCH (or LING) category we could use for articles about current or recent projects: WALS, Autotyp, Negtyp, ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 21:59, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== About Glottopedia ==<br />
<br />
Currently we have the page two times: [[Glottopedia:About]] and [[Glottopedia:About_Glottopedia]]. One of them should be deleted --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:16, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Link Forum==<br />
Please admins, sysops, link this forum in the navigation bar on the left. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Set the system time==<br />
The system time of the wiki-server seems to be 2 hours more than the German time. Please fix it. Everytime I sign some post, I wonder if it is really that late (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Multilingual categories?==<br />
I'd like to keep categories language-specific. It will get very messy if you see German, English and Russian articles about morphology in that category. We have the language splits almost everywhere, even for this forum, and all administrative pages, Guidelines, Community portal, portals ... so why to lump articles of different languages in one Category? We can handle it like the article names, there can be a category "Syntax", "Syntax (de)", ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:24, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:Using only Glottopedia's default language (English) in categories was a decision we took early on (see [[Glottopedia:Categorization]], second sentence). The idea was that unlike Wikipedia, which has different wikis for each language, Glottopedia has just a single wiki and is thus much more integrated. This is because many users will be multilingual, and will be happy to use articles in multiple languages more or less simulteanously. Of course, it would be necessary to have a search mechanism that allows queries such as "find all morphology articles in German" -- such a mechanism is not standard in Mediawiki and would have to be created as an add-on. I'm not saying that I'm strongly opposed to having the categories in multiple languages as well -- this might also be a good way of organizing Glottopedia, perhaps a better one. In that case, we wouldn't even need the category type "article language", because all categories would be language-specific. I'd like to hear more contributions to this important discussion.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:48, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
::I am perfectly confident with mulitlingual categories as long as one can easily filter them or combine them (Category:Syntax AND Category:De). The question is, how easily this can be implemented and used. If we plan to implement this, we should do it before the categories get too crowded. I see your point, since 99 % of Glottopedia users read German and English, there is no need for strict language separation. Let's give multilingual categories a try. At this time we don't have so many articles, so it is quite easy. '''But we need to update the automatic ABC-zation''' in overwiew of articles in the Category: Look at [[:Category:Syntax]] how the cyrillic characters mess up the layout (third column is longer!) and the "Č" in [[:Category:BIOG]] comes after "Z" rather than after "C". We must fix this somehow --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:45, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Consistent orthography ==<br />
<br />
I saw Rk's recent renaming of some articles. We should decide how to write the names of the articles. There is sometimes "Quantitative Linguistics" sometimes "quantitative linguistics". I'm not familiar with the English orthography, but I think in the heading all words except for "of" and "the" are written with an initial uppercase letter. The question is how do we do in in Glottopedia. We should decide for one default for english and other orthographical variants should redirect to the default article. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:58, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:I propose using "Sentence case" for article titles in English. - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:37, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
::I agree. Wikipedians are used to that format, and it looks more elegant than "Title Case". —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 23:50, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
:::Yes, of course. I added a comment about this under [[Glottopedia:Dictionary articles/Technical terms#Spelling]]. And I moved "Quantitative Linguistics to "Quantitative linguistics" (assuming that it is a sub-field, not a theoretical approach).--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 08:23, 22 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== License: CC vs. GFDL ==<br />
<br />
is there any reason why the licence is CC-BY-SA and not GFDL or CC-BY-SA +GFDL? Is it to be deliberately incompatible with Wikipedia? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:14, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:No, we thought that CC-BY-SA is compatible with Wikipedia, but that it has advantages over GFDL because the latter was really designed for software, not for encyclopedic content. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:25, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::The GPL is designed for software, the GFDL designed for documentation, to be honest, the GFDL isn't great, but it is what Wikipedia uses, so if we want to be able to share information with them we should at least dual licence. I've put a notice on my page, but ideally all of the content should be dual-licenced. MediaWiki probably allows this to be done. The CC-BY-SA is iirc not compatible with the GFDL (or so a brief Google search suggests). - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:33, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:No, Glottopedia does not want to be incompatible with Wikipedia. The CC-BY-SA license was chosen, because it is freer than GFDL. I don't know whether you have ever tried to publish something that contains GFDL material. This is only possible, if you include the GFDL license. In all other aspects CC-BY-SA and GFDL are compatible, i.e. you can always reuse CC-BY-SA material under GFDL, but not the other way round. Double licensing is possible, of course. So, if there are good arguments for it, such a solution can be taken into consideration. --[[User:Martin Haase|maha]] 00:49, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::Well, freer is a subjective judgement, the CC-BY-SA has less restrictions than the GFPL that is certain. So CC-BY-SA content can be used under the GPL? I wasn't aware of this. Do you have any links? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:28, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
:::Certainly CC-BY-SA images are allowed at Wikipedia. However, it does seem that the text license is incompatible, so we can't just cut-n-paste whole Wikipedia articles here, even with correct attribution. [[User:Antony Green|Antony Green]] 00:26, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
While '<nowiki><pre></pre></nowiki>' tags can be used to create fixed space examples, e.g.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
This is an example<br />
This be+p3.sg.pres a example<br />
`This is an example'<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
It would be nice to have a plugin which rendered them nicely, like <code>gb4e</code> in LaTeX. Any thoughts or does anyone know of such an example for MediaWiki, I know there is a LaTeX maths renderer, e.g. <math>\sum i+1</math> - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:58, 10 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== Language Description ==<br />
<br />
The Glottopedia is, so far as I can tell, intensively specialized toward linguistic theory. Has the community behind the Glottopedia decided against descriptive material for specific languages? The status of language classification is closely related and also seems to be omitted. I do find, in the few articles about specific languages that I have looked at, at least a mention of classification. But no way that I can discover to handle cases where classification is disputed.<br />
<br />
For example, I recently found myself posting to the Google Group sci.lang the opinion that I rejected the concept of Afro-Asiatic and that I felt it was no more plausible than Nostratic. I may have been misguided but if some outsider read my post where would they find the issue discussed in Glottopedia?<br />
<br />
Incidentally the speller checker for this form should be fixed to accept Glottopedia as a correctly spelled word.<br />
<br />
David Kleinecke. And lets see if four tildes also works [[User:Dkleinecke|Dkleinecke]] 23:59, 26 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:Remember Glottopedia is still its infancy, so most of the things you don't find here, you're probably not finding because no one has gotten around to writing them yet, rather than because there's been an active decision made to omit them. I take the presence of a few articles on language description to indicate that such articles are welcome here (which is why I started a new one just last week: [[Irish]]). Even though Wikipedia is not geared toward a specialist audience, it's more likely to have a discussion on any controversy concerning Afro-Asiatic unity than Glottopedia is, just because of its greater age and editor base. —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 07:43, 28 October 2007 (CET)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Portal:Phonetics_and_phonology&diff=4400Portal:Phonetics and phonology2007-10-28T06:31:31Z<p>Antony Green: add phoneme per talk</p>
<hr />
<div>This page will become the portal on phonetics and phonology.<br />
<br />
If you would like to maintain this portal, please [[Glottopedia:Contact|contact]] the editors.<br />
<br />
Here is a list of the articles in [[:Category:Phonetics and phonology]].<br />
<br />
Here is a list of articles that we hope will be written soon:<br />
<br />
[[absolute neutralization]], [[accent]], [[affricate]], [[allophone]], [[amphibrach]], [[anaptyxis]], [[aphaeresis]], [[apicodental]], [[apocope]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[approximant]], [[archiphoneme]], [[archisegment]], [[articulator theory]], [[aspiration]], [[assimilation]], [[autosegment]], [[autosegmental phonology]], [[bilabial]], [[biuniqueness]], [[breathy voice]], [[coda]], [[compensatory lengthening]], [[Contrastive Specification Theory]], [[dactyl]], [[declarative phonology]], [[degenerate foot]], [[dependency phonology]], [[diphthongization]], [[epenthesis]], [[extrametricality]], [[extrasyllabicity]], [[feature (in phonology)]], [[feature geometry]], [[fricative]], [[geminate]], [[government phonology]], [[h-aspiré]], [[homorganic]], [[iamb]], [[implosive]], [[interlude]], [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], [[intonation]], [[intonation contour]], [[labiodental]], [[laryngeal]], [[lateral]], [[lenition]], [[liaison]], [[liquid]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[monophthong]], [[monophthongization]], [[mora]], [[nasal]], [[nasalization]], [[natural class]], [[nonlinear phonology]], [[nucleus (in phonology)]], [[Obligatory Contour Principle]], [[obstruent]], [[onset]], [[paragoge]], [[phoneme]], [[phonetics]], [[phonological word]], [[phonotactic]], [[pitch accent]], [[prenasalization]], [[prependix]], [[prosodic word]], [[prothesis]], [[Raddoppiamento Sintattico]], [[Radical Underspecification Theory]], [[Received Pronunciation]], [[rhotic]], [[rhyme]], [[schwa]], [[segment]], [[skeletal position]], [[sonority]], [[stop]], [[stress]], [[stress-timed and syllable-timed]], [[syllabification]], [[syllable peak]], [[syncope]], [[tense (in phonology)]], [[ternary foot]], [[tone]], [[umlaut]], [[underspecification]], [[velar]], [[velarization]], [[vowel]], [[vowel harmony]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Portal|Phonetics and phonology]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Talk:Portal:Phonetics_and_phonology&diff=4399Talk:Portal:Phonetics and phonology2007-10-28T06:30:55Z<p>Antony Green: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is really funny. Not only is there no article about phonemes, it isn't even listed as potential.<br />
<br />
Or do you think phonemes are no part of phonology?<br />
<br />
[[User:Dkleinecke|Dkleinecke]] 00:06, 27 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:Do you mean no article on the [[Phoneme]], or do you mean no articles on individual phonemes, like [[voiced bilabial stop]] and [[high front tense unrounded vowel]]? I certainly agree there should be an article [[Phoneme]], and its omission from this list is far more likely by accident than design. As for individual phonemes, I'm less sure. Wikipedia has a separate article on every sound that has its own IPA character, but most of them are extremely short, and I'm not always convinced of their usefulness. —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 07:30, 28 October 2007 (CET)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=4363User:Antony Green2007-10-23T21:47:09Z<p>Antony Green: </p>
<hr />
<div>I’m Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to. Since I don't have a homepage, I'll put a mini-CV here to establish my credentials.<br />
<br />
;Education<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation], University of Potsdam, 2006<br />
**Habilitation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology Limited''].<br />
<br />
;Employment<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997–99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000–04<br />
<br />
;Areas of specialty<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*In preparation: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology Limited'']. Book ms., University of Potsdam.<br />
*To appear: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=984 Coronals and compounding in Irish.] To appear in ''Linguistics''.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum/Archive_01&diff=4308Glottopedia:Forum/Archive 012007-10-21T21:50:54Z<p>Antony Green: /* Consistent orthography */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="border:1px solid #8888AA;background-color:#F0FFF0;padding:7px;text-align:center"><br />
<big>'''Welcome to the Glottopedia Forum'''</big><br/><br/><br />
This is the place where you can ask questions about Glottopedia itself, and also about linguistic topics in general.<br/><br />
'''Click [http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum&action=edit&section=new here] to add a new question. (Forum in German:[[Glottopedia:Diskussionsforum]])<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]'''<br />
</div><br />
<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Unicode==<br />
Why is Glottopedia in ISO-8859-1 and not in Unicode? Wikipedia is in Unicode (UTF-8). --[[User:David Marjanović|David Marjanović]] 01:56, 28 June 2007 (CEST)<br />
: I am sure this will be fixed very soon. Glottopedia should be in UTF-8. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:: Now I'm not sure whether this UTF-8 encoding will be fixed soon. Whom shall we as kto do it? Who in Trier is responsible? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:18, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Edit URL==<br />
Why is the URL of articles in Glottopedia hidden (when I enter via www.glottopedia.org)? It is really practical that one can edit the URL and get directly to some articles, categories, or templates. When I enter Glottopedia via http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php I can manipulate the URL as described. But this should be possible via www.glottopedia.org aswell. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:There is a detailed description for at least three <span style="background-color:yellow;">solutions how to do this in the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Short_URL MediaWiki manual]</span>. It should work even if you don't have a root access to the host server. So please somebody try one of the possibilities to keep the URL short '''and''' editable. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 13:05, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==External Links Keep Glottopedia URL!==<br />
When you click on an external link in Glottopedia, the URL in the adress field of your browser remains <nowiki>http://www.glottopedia.org/</nowiki> this should not be. Try this external link to Google: http://www.google.com/ --18:14, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Category names==<br />
What do LIRE and HYPO stand for? These are names of [[Special:Categories|categories]] which I can't guess. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:43, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:LIRE is no longer used. "HYPO" stands for [[Glottopedia:Dictionary_articles/Hypotheses_and_approaches|hypothesis and approach articles]], although we need to think more about whether we need it and how exactly we apply it. It should be considered preliminary at this point. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:05, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Rename LING to RESEARCH? ==<br />
<br />
I'd rename the ''LING'' article type to ''RESEARCH''. What do you think? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:11, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:My original proposal was to name these articles "linguistics articles", to which Sven objected that in a way all articles are about linguistics. "Linguistic research articles" is probably better, although not all of them are about research in the narrow sense (basically they are about linguists' activities). Anyway, I like the abbreviation "LING" for "Linguistic research" much better than "LIRE". "RESEARCH" I find too long. But ultimately it's a matter of taste, and if someone else is strongly against "linguistic reaearch/LING", I'll be happy to go along with an alternative proposal.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:09, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::Well, I thought if LINGUIST is not too long a category label, maybe RESEARCH would also be ok. For LING it is not immediately transparent what category it is. Anybody who wants to know what it is has to read it somewhere (where?). One thinks intuitively about "linguist", linguistics in general, but not of current research. I think this RESEARCH (or LING) category we could use for articles about current or recent projects: WALS, Autotyp, Negtyp, ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 21:59, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== About Glottopedia ==<br />
<br />
Currently we have the page two times: [[Glottopedia:About]] and [[Glottopedia:About_Glottopedia]]. One of them should be deleted --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:16, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Link Forum==<br />
Please admins, sysops, link this forum in the navigation bar on the left. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Set the system time==<br />
The system time of the wiki-server seems to be 2 hours more than the German time. Please fix it. Everytime I sign some post, I wonder if it is really that late (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Multilingual categories?==<br />
I'd like to keep categories language-specific. It will get very messy if you see German, English and Russian articles about morphology in that category. We have the language splits almost everywhere, even for this forum, and all administrative pages, Guidelines, Community portal, portals ... so why to lump articles of different languages in one Category? We can handle it like the article names, there can be a category "Syntax", "Syntax (de)", ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:24, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:Using only Glottopedia's default language (English) in categories was a decision we took early on (see [[Glottopedia:Categorization]], second sentence). The idea was that unlike Wikipedia, which has different wikis for each language, Glottopedia has just a single wiki and is thus much more integrated. This is because many users will be multilingual, and will be happy to use articles in multiple languages more or less simulteanously. Of course, it would be necessary to have a search mechanism that allows queries such as "find all morphology articles in German" -- such a mechanism is not standard in Mediawiki and would have to be created as an add-on. I'm not saying that I'm strongly opposed to having the categories in multiple languages as well -- this might also be a good way of organizing Glottopedia, perhaps a better one. In that case, we wouldn't even need the category type "article language", because all categories would be language-specific. I'd like to hear more contributions to this important discussion.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:48, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
::I am perfectly confident with mulitlingual categories as long as one can easily filter them or combine them (Category:Syntax AND Category:De). The question is, how easily this can be implemented and used. If we plan to implement this, we should do it before the categories get too crowded. I see your point, since 99 % of Glottopedia users read German and English, there is no need for strict language separation. Let's give multilingual categories a try. At this time we don't have so many articles, so it is quite easy. '''But we need to update the automatic ABC-zation''' in overwiew of articles in the Category: Look at [[:Category:Syntax]] how the cyrillic characters mess up the layout (third column is longer!) and the "Č" in [[:Category:BIOG]] comes after "Z" rather than after "C". We must fix this somehow --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:45, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Consistent orthography ==<br />
<br />
I saw Rk's recent renaming of some articles. We should decide how to write the names of the articles. There is sometimes "Quantitative Linguistics" sometimes "quantitative linguistics". I'm not familiar with the English orthography, but I think in the heading all words except for "of" and "the" are written with an initial uppercase letter. The question is how do we do in in Glottopedia. We should decide for one default for english and other orthographical variants should redirect to the default article. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:58, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:I propose using "Sentence case" for article titles in English. - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:37, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
::I agree. Wikipedians are used to that format, and it looks more elegant than "Title Case". —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 23:50, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== License: CC vs. GFDL ==<br />
<br />
is there any reason why the licence is CC-BY-SA and not GFDL or CC-BY-SA +GFDL? Is it to be deliberately incompatible with Wikipedia? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:14, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:No, we thought that CC-BY-SA is compatible with Wikipedia, but that it has advantages over GFDL because the latter was really designed for software, not for encyclopedic content. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:25, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::The GPL is designed for software, the GFDL designed for documentation, to be honest, the GFDL isn't great, but it is what Wikipedia uses, so if we want to be able to share information with them we should at least dual licence. I've put a notice on my page, but ideally all of the content should be dual-licenced. MediaWiki probably allows this to be done. The CC-BY-SA is iirc not compatible with the GFDL (or so a brief Google search suggests). - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:33, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:No, Glottopedia does not want to be incompatible with Wikipedia. The CC-BY-SA license was chosen, because it is freer than GFDL. I don't know whether you have ever tried to publish something that contains GFDL material. This is only possible, if you include the GFDL license. In all other aspects CC-BY-SA and GFDL are compatible, i.e. you can always reuse CC-BY-SA material under GFDL, but not the other way round. Double licensing is possible, of course. So, if there are good arguments for it, such a solution can be taken into consideration. --[[User:Martin Haase|maha]] 00:49, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::Well, freer is a subjective judgement, the CC-BY-SA has less restrictions than the GFPL that is certain. So CC-BY-SA content can be used under the GPL? I wasn't aware of this. Do you have any links? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:28, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
:::Certainly CC-BY-SA images are allowed at Wikipedia. However, it does seem that the text license is incompatible, so we can't just cut-n-paste whole Wikipedia articles here, even with correct attribution. [[User:Antony Green|Antony Green]] 00:26, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
<br />
While '<nowiki><pre></pre></nowiki>' tags can be used to create fixed space examples, e.g.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
This is an example<br />
This be+p3.sg.pres a example<br />
`This is an example'<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
It would be nice to have a plugin which rendered them nicely, like <code>gb4e</code> in LaTeX. Any thoughts or does anyone know of such an example for MediaWiki, I know there is a LaTeX maths renderer, e.g. <math>\sum i+1</math> - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:58, 10 October 2007 (CEST)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Multilingual&diff=4306Glottopedia:Multilingual2007-10-21T21:31:14Z<p>Antony Green: add link to help people find the ISO 639-1 code</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Glottopedia is intended to be a '''multilingual enterprise'''. Glottopedia articles can be written in any language that is commonly used by linguists in their scholarly writings. Links within an article should generally be to articles in the same language. At the end of each article, '''links to corresponding articles in other languages''' are given. <br />
<br />
These links are particularly useful for linguistic terminology. Glottopedia thus serves as a '''multilingual dictionary''' allowing linguists who use several languages in their work to get a clear idea about terminological correspondences.<br />
<br />
When article headwords in two languages have an identical spelling, a '''distinguisher''' needs to be added. For example, the English word for 'adverb' is ''adverb'', and the Swedish word is also ''adverb''. (Also German ''Adverb'' has an identical spelling, because the MediaWiki software does not differentiate between lower case and upper case word-initially.) For practical reasons, English is taken as the default language in such cases, and distinguishers are added only for German and Swedish. Thus, the English article headword is [[adverb]], while the Swedish headword is [[adverb (sv)]], and the German headword is [[Adverb (de)]]. (The two-letter abbreviations that serve as distinguishers are the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes ISO 639-1 codes].)<br />
<br />
===Comparison to Wikipedia===<br />
The Wikipedia projects are monolingual but contain inter-wiki links. This makes sense because one does not assume that Wikipedia users are multilingual and want to search across all Wikipedias. However, for Glottopedia it makes more sense to have all the languages in a single wiki. Linguists are typically multilingual, especially non-native users of English, so they may be interested in articles from different languages. Moreover, it may well make sense to have links to articles in another language, especially from a non-English article to articles in English (on the assumption that academic linguists can read English, whatever language they prefer in their everyday work).<br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
At the present early stage of the project, Glottopedia mostly contains articles in two languages:<br />
<br />
*Articles in English: see [[:Category:En]]<br />
*Articles in German: see [[:Category:De]]<br />
<br />
A few more articles in other languages exist (see [[:Category:Article languages]]).<br />
<br />
Before starting articles on a new language, please get in touch with an editor.<br />
<br />
===Project pages===<br />
<br />
Note that since Glottopedia is a single project, the project pages should have the same content in all languages. That is, they should be updated simultaneously. Since it is not practical for any one user to do this in all languages, it should be assumed that the English general pages are standard, and that the general pages in other languages are just translations of the English pages.<br />
<br />
===Other languages===<br />
*German [[Glottopedia:Mehrsprachig]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Category:Zh&diff=4304Category:Zh2007-10-21T21:25:53Z<p>Antony Green: New page: This is the category for all articles and project pages in '''Chinese'''. Category:Article languages</p>
<hr />
<div>This is the category for all articles and project pages in '''Chinese'''.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Article languages]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:%E6%AC%A2%E8%BF%8E%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A5%E8%80%85&diff=4303Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者2007-10-21T21:24:24Z<p>Antony Green: /* 其它语言 */ the ISO 639-1 code for Chinese is zh, not cn</p>
<hr />
<div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3"><br />
'''欢迎 [[Glottopedia:关于 Glottopedia|Glottopedia]], 免费的语言学百科.'''<br />
</p><br />
<p style="margin:0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;font-size:95%">[[Glottopedia:关于 Glottopedia|介绍]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:常见问题|常见问题]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:联系我们|联系我们]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[特色:所有网页|所有文章 A&ndash;Z]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;文章编号: [[特色:数据|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]&nbsp;&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Glottopedia:主页|德文版Glottopedia]]<br />
</p><br />
<p style="text-align: center; margin:0 0 0.5em 0; line-height: 1.6;" class="plainlinks"><br />
[[主题首页:语音学和音系学|语音学和音系学]] | [[主题首页:构词学|构词学]] | [[主题首页:句法学|句法学]] | [[主题首页:神经语言学|神经语言学]] | [[主题首页: 主题首页列表|其它主题首页]] | [[主题首页:传记|传记]] | [[主题首页:语言学研究|语言学研究]] | [[主题首页:语言学|语言学]] <br />
</p><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|colspan="2" width="50%" class="toc" style="font-size:100%;"|<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:关于 Glottopedia|Glottopedia]] 是由语言学家向语言学家免费提供的可编辑的百科全书。在健全中的语言百科将包含 [[Glottopedia:字典性文章|字典性文章]] 涉及所有语言学专业术语,而且是 [[Glottopedia: 多语言的|多语言的]]. 除此之外还有 [[Glottopedia: 综述文章|综述文章]], [[Glottopedia: 传记文章|传记文章]] 和 [[Glottopedia:语言文章|语言文章]], 主要涉及所有语言学家和语言。<br />
<br />
Glottopedia 已经存在于 [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|德语]], 希望在以后能运用于[[Glottopedia:Benvenuto|意大利语]], [[Glottopedia:Bienvenidos|西班牙语]], [[Glottopedia:Accueil des nouveaux arrivants|法语]], [[Glottopedia:про Глоттопедию|俄语]], 瑞典语, [[Glottopedia:欢迎,新来者|中文]], 和日文.<br />
<br />
Glottopedia 需要你的 '''[[Glottopedia:怎样投稿|投稿]]'''!<br />
<br />
=Glottopedia 团队=<br />
<br />
主编: [[Martin Haspelmath]], [[Sven Naumann]]<br />
<br />
技术编辑: [[Götz Burger]], [[Hans-Jörg Bibiko]]<br />
<br />
科学咨询委员会: [[Gabriel Altmann]], [[Pier Marco Bertinetto]], [[Greville G. Corbett]], [[Östen Dahl]], [[Martin Haase]], [[Reinhard Köhler]], [[John McWhorter]], [[Paul Newman]], [[Jürgen Wedekind]]<br />
<br />
=字典性文章样本=<br />
<br />
===句法学=== <br />
(见 [[主题首页: 句法学]])<br />
<br />
[[头韵一致]], [[作用式]], [[同位]], [[论元结构]], [[定语]], [[格]], [[补语]], [[关系子句]], [[与格转换]], [[依存语法]], [[省略]], [[作格]], [[实动词]], [[空]], [[不定式]], [[名词]], [[词类]], [[短语结构语法]], [[联袂]], [[pro]], [[PRO]], [[富足一致]], [[主语]], [[主从连词]], [[差比句]], [[X-bar 理论]], [[义元]]<br />
<br />
===构词学===<br />
(见 [[主题首页: 构词学]])<br />
<br />
[[宾格]], [[非中缀]], [[词缀]], [[表达]], [[词干]], [[范畴系统]], [[维数]], [[分布词法]], [[标记]], [[不定式]], [[词位]], [[词素]], [[形态句法范畴]], [[前缀]], [[单一的]], [[动名词]], [[suspended affixation]], [[合并]]<br />
<br />
===语音学和音系学===<br />
(见 [[主题首页: 语音学和音系学]])<br />
<br />
[[字尾音消失]], [[齿间音]], [[appendix (in syllable structure)]], [[接近音]], [[气嗓音]], [[收音]], [[补偿性延长]], [[对比规范理论]], [[扬抑抑格]], [[陈述音系学]], [[蜕化音步]], [[依存音系学]], [[韵律外性]], [[唇齿音]], [[喉咙音]], [[边音]], [[流音]], [[节律音系学]], [[最小韵律词]], [[prependix]], [[塞音]], [[重音]], [[重音节奏和音节节奏]], [[软腭化]]<br />
<br />
===语义学===<br />
(见 [[主题首页: 语义学]])<br />
<br />
[[歧义]], [[实施者]], [[反义]], [[时态]], [[承诺]], [[内涵]], [[涉名/涉实]], [[指称]], [[指令]], [[表情]], [[模糊限制语]], [[整体词]], [[上义词]], [[下义词]], [[习惯用语]], [[以言行事]], [[含义]], [[间接言语行为]], [[意义]], [[自然语义元语言论]], [[施行动词]], [[成事行为]], [[命题]], [[条件从句]], [[语义标记]], [[语义角色]], [[sense]], [[特异性]], [[言语行为]], [[语义含混]]<br />
<br />
===计算机语义学===<br />
(见 [[主题首页: 计算机语义学]])<br />
<br />
[[Brill-Tagger]], [[特征逻辑]], [[有限状态自动机]], [[广义短语结构语法|GPSG]], [[中心语驱动结构语法]], [[ID/LP-Syntax]], [[关键词检索]], [[剖析器]], [[浅层句法分析方法]], [[归类]], [[附加物]], [[二层词法分析模型]], [[一体化]], [[基于合一的文法]]<br />
<br />
===定量语义学===<br />
(见 [[主题首页: 定量语义学]])<br />
<br />
[[定量语义学的目的和方法]],<br />
[[定量语义学的历史]],<br />
[[性质]], [[单位]], [[平均信息量]], [[频率]],<br />
[[作用]], [[规律]], [[图论]], [[假设]],<br />
[[指数]], [[信息]], [[信息论]],<br />
[[数字分类]], [[长度]], [[测量]],<br />
[[韵律学]], [[模型]], [[经济]], <br />
[[过程]], [[刻度]], [[语言规律]], [[统计学]],<br />
[[结构]], [[协同语言学]], [[系统]], <br />
[[系统需求]], [[原文]], [[原文统计]], <br />
[[理论]], [[分布状态]], [[重复]], <br />
[[词的特性]], [[相互关系]],<br />
[[多义词]], [[多正文(单位)性]]<br />
<br />
=传记文章样本=<br />
(见 [[主题首页:传记]])<br />
<br />
[[Karl Ferdinand Becker]]&nbsp;• [[Johannes Benzing]]&nbsp;• [[Simon C. Dik]]&nbsp;• [[Dionysius Thrax]]&nbsp;• [[Stefan Elders]]&nbsp;• [[H. Allan Gleason Jr.]]&nbsp;• [[Einar Haugen]]&nbsp;• [[Marco Haverkort]]&nbsp;• [[Karl Erich Heidolph]]&nbsp;• [[Georg Friedrich Meier]]&nbsp;• [[Harry L. Shorto]]&nbsp;• [[John Sinclair]]&nbsp;• [[Sergej A. Starostin]]&nbsp;• [[Jost Winteler]]<br />
<br />
=其它语言=<br />
* 德语 [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite|Hauptseite]]<br />
* 中文 [[Glottopedia:首页|首页]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zh]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8EGlottopedia&diff=4302Glottopedia:关于Glottopedia2007-10-21T21:24:09Z<p>Antony Green: /* 其它语言 */ the ISO 639-1 code for Chinese is zh, not cn</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Glottopedia''' 是一部象[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 维基百科]一样运作的全面的语言学百科全书:每个注册用户可以创建新文章或编辑已存在的文章。但是有3个重要的区别:<br />
* Glottopedia 的作者必须是有学术背景的'''语言学家''' (在此大学生归于语言学家)。<br />
* Glottopedia 的作者必须在编辑文章前'''使用真实姓名建立一个[[Glottopedia:建立用户帐号 |用户帐号]]''',与维基百科不同的是不允许匿名编辑(在这方面Glottopedia的运作方式类似于[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page Citizendium])。<br />
* Glottopedia 的内容'''不必通俗易懂''',而是联系到只有专家感兴趣专业的现象和纲领。<br />
==六类文章==<br />
*[[Glottopedia: 字典性文章|字典性文章]] (定义、举例、解释和翻译普通和特殊的语言学纲领)<br />
*[[Glottopedia: 综述文章|综述文章]] (详细系统地阐述和讨论纲领和程序)<br />
*[[Glottopedia: 传记文章|传记文章]](关于已世语言学家的生平和著作)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:语言文章|语言文章]] (关于几千种语言的最重要的信息)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:研究性文章|研究性文章]] (关于科研机构、会议、报刊杂志等)<br />
*[[Glottopedia:语言学家|语言学家文章]] (由在世语言学家网页链接组成)<br />
<br />
==版权信息==<br />
Glottopedia 的内容由 [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]-许可 授权。用户允许:<br />
<br />
* '''分享''' – 复制、扩展、展出和引用作品<br />
* '''再混合''' – 记录源文<br />
<br />
在以下前提:<br />
<br />
* '''提名''' 您必须列举作者或权利所有者的姓名。<br />
* '''相同条件下转载''' 如果您对内容有修改、加工或将其作为新内容的出发点,您只能将它在相同或可兼容似的许可下转载。<br />
如果涉及再使用或扩展,您必须通知其它人相关内容的许可前提。每项前提可根据权力所有者的书面批准取消。<br />
<div style="border:1px solid #8888AA;background-color:#EEEEEE;padding:10px;">'''Glottopedia 仅用于学术交流,不具任何商业性。如果内容中有侵权现象,请您通[mailto:naumsven@uni-trier.de Email]通知我们,我们将采取一定措施。请不要复制整段文章、图标或其它受版权保护的材料用于Glottopedia 文章。如有采用受版权保护的作品或其它材料中的信息,必须再文章中注明其出处。任何疏忽都对这个项目有损害,请您自觉。'''</div> <br />
<br />
==Glottopedia的历史==<br />
<br />
Glottopedia 创建于2007年5月27日。它是由两个先前具备类似目标的项目合并而成,自2005年在特里尔大学的[http://www.uni-trier.de/uni/fb2/ldv/ldv_wiki/index.php/Hauptseite WikiLingua],和自2006在莱比锡马克思-普朗克研究所人类进化分所的[https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/linguipedia/index.php/Main_Page Linguipedia]。在Glottopedia 正式启动后,这两个项目便停止运作。<br />
<br />
==其它参与项目==<br />
<br />
以下网上字典中的语言学专业术语已经过作者的同意,即将转载到Glottopedia:<br />
<br />
*[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/ Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]<br />
*[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~schoenke/tlgl/tlgl.html Textlinguistik-Glossar, Gesprächslinguistik-Glossar] (Bremen, Eva Schoenke)<br />
<br />
以下字典的大部分在作者同意后已经转载:<br />
<br />
*[http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/linguistik/institut/syntax/onlinelexikon/lexikon.htm Online-Lexikon Linguistik] (Norbert Fries, HU Berlin)<br />
<br />
==其它语言==<br />
*英语 [[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia|About Glottopedia]]<br />
*德语 [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia|Über Glottopedia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Zh]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=4301Irish2007-10-21T20:02:26Z<p>Antony Green: /* Phonology */ add info on stress</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or “broad”) and a palatalized (or “slender”) variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
In the northern (Ulster) and western (Connacht) dialects, stress regularly falls on the first syllable of the word, apart from a few adverbs like ''anseo'' ‘here’ and ''abhaile'' ‘home(ward)’ where it falls on the second syllable. In the southern (Munster) dialect, stress falls on the second syllable of a word if that syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, but the third syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, stress falls on the third syllable. If the second syllable contains the vowel /a/ followed by the consonant /x/, and both the first and third syllables contain short vowels, the stress falls on the second syllable. In all other cases (apart from the adverbs like ''anseo'' and ''abhaile'' mentioned above, and a few other exceptions) the stress falls on the first syllable.<br />
<br />
In the northern dialect, long vowels appear only in stressed syllables; they are shortened in unstressed syllables, but do not take on the lax quality of the short vowel phonemes; thus a shortened /iː/ is still a tense [i], not a lax [ɪ].<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called “autonomous”) and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
The “autonomous” form of a verb is used when the subject is undefined; it can be translated into English with ‘someone’ as the subject, as in ''léitear'' ‘someone reads’. It is often used in a [[passive]] function (e.g. ''aithristear an scéal'' ‘someone tells the story’ or ‘the story is told’), but it is not a passive in form as its [[argument]] is a direct object, not a subject.<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, ‘you (singular) praise’ may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.<br />
<br />
Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' ‘with’ has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:<br />
<center><br />
{|<br />
! &nbsp; || Singular || Plural<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || liom ‘with me’ || linn ‘with us’<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || leat ‘with you’ || libh ‘with you’<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || leis ‘with him’<br />léi ‘with her’ || leo ‘with them’<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
‘Seán drinks milk.’<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D’ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
‘Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D’ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
‘Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' ‘to be’ (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
‘The box is full.’<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
‘The box is on the table.’ <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
‘Máire is a teacher.’<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
‘Máire is the teacher.’<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Haspelmath&diff=4300User talk:Haspelmath2007-10-21T19:19:45Z<p>Antony Green: /* Template:Andere */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Template:Hello ==<br />
<br />
Ich habe von der Linguipedia das [[Template:Hello|Begrüßungstemplate]] übernommen und an Glottopedia angepasst. <br />
<br />
Von nun an können wir die Nutzer mit <nowiki>{{subst:Hello}}</nowiki> begrüßen.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 18:03, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Enbiog ==<br />
<br />
Ja, das template enbiog wäre mit Variable nützlicher, aber ich weiß, dass es nicht so einfach geht. Ich habe in Balthasar's Bibliographiedatenbank 6000 Autorennamen der Form "Alexandra Aikhenvald" auf "Aikhenvald, Alexandra" umgestellt. Automatisch geht es nur gut bei nichtadligen Autoren mit nur einem Vornamen. Die vorlage müsste erkennen, dass sie bei "Ferdinand de Saussure" auch das de hinterstellen soll, oder bei "R. M. W. Dixon" das "R. M. W." und dazu kommen noch Autoren mit zwei Nachnamen, mit oder ohne Bindestrich. Bei chinesischen Autoren ist es aber andersrum... Diese müsste man so oder so manuell machen. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:07, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Geschlecht der lebenden Linguisten ==<br />
<br />
Zu den lebenden Linguisten, bei denen wir nur auf ihre homepage verweisen, würde ich das Geschlecht angeben. Ich erinnere mich gut, dass wenn ich Linguisten in Hausarbeiten zitiert habe, musste ich den text manchmal ohne anaphorische Pronomen schreiben, weil ich nicht wusste ob es ein "he" oder "she" ist. Bei manchen Vornamen ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_name unisex names]) kann man sich nicht sicher sein. Ich wusste einfach nicht, ob Francis Katamba Mann oder Frau ist. Wenn man keine Homepage mit foto findet ist man de ziemlich aufgeschmissen. Und mit fremdländischen namen kennt man sich nun schon gar nicht mehr aus, auch wenn er für kundige eindeutig geschlechtsspezifisch ist. (japanische, chinesische Namen). Und schon damals habe ich an so ein Geschlechtsregister der Linguisten gedacht, wo man nachschauen könnte (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== OT ==<br />
<br />
Hallo.<br />
<br />
ich hab in der deutschsprachigen WP den Artikel [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimalitätstheorie] geschrieben (zumindest maßgeblich erweitert). Was meinst Du, wär er es wert, hierher "rüberkopiert" zu werden? Grüße--[[User:Patrick|Patrick]] 09:09, 7 August 2007 (CEST).<br />
<br />
==Hi==<br />
<br />
Thanks for the welcome, I'll do that :) Btw, is there any reason why the licence is CC-BY-SA and not GFDL or CC-BY-SA +GFDL? Is it to be deliberately incompatible with Wikipedia? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:14, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Template:Andere ==<br />
<br />
Hallo, wäre es nicht hilfreich, wenn [[Template:Andere]] einen Parameter für ein Link zum Artikel in der anderen Sprache, damit der potenzielle Übersetzer ihn leichter finden könnte? —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 13:57, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
:"Danke im Voraus"? Heißt das, du erwartest, dass ''ich'' das mache, oder was? ;-) Eigentlich ist es doch nicht nötig, wenn man gleich unter dem <nowiki>{{Andere}}</nowiki> einen "Andere Sprachen"-Abschnitt machst und das Link dort hinschreibt, wie z.B. bei [[Akronym]]. —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 21:19, 21 October 2007 (CEST)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leonard_Bloomfield_(de)&diff=4299Leonard Bloomfield (de)2007-10-21T19:18:40Z<p>Antony Green: /* Andere Sprachen */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Bloomfield.jpg|thumb|right|L. Bloomfield]]'''Leonard Bloomfield''' geboren am 01. April 1887 in Chicago war ein US-amerikanischer Sprachwissenschaftler, der eine behavioristische, mechanistische Sprachanalyse betrieb. Er starb am 18. April 1949 in New Haven.<br />
<br />
==Leben==<br />
Leonard Bloomfield wurde als Sohn von Sigmund und Carola Buber Bloomfield geboren. Sein Onkel Maurice Bloomfield war Professor der Comparative Philology und des Sanskrit an der Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Nach seiner Immatrikulation 1903 im Harvard College graduierte er zu A.B. Assistant in German an der Universität Wisconsin. Für eine linguistische Laufbahn entschied er sich nach dem Studium bei Eduard Prokosch.<br />
<br />
An der Universität Chicago wurde er 1908 zum Assistant in German and Graduate Studies ernannt. Leonard Bloomfield promovierte ein Jahr später unter Francis A. Wood mit "A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut". Seine Freundin Alice Sayers heiratete er noch im selben Jahr. 1909/1910 beschäftigte ihn die Universität Cincinnati als Instructor in German. In der Deutschen Abteilung der Universität Illinois arbeitete er bis 1913.<br />
<br />
Leonard Bloomfield begann im Wintersemester 1913/14 mit Studien der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft junggrammatischer Art bei August Leskien und Karl Brugmann in Göttingen und Leipzig, im Sommersemester 1914 mit Studien der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft bei Jacob Wackernagel und der Indologie und Iranistik.<br />
<br />
Voraussetzung für seine Arbeit von 1913-1921 als Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German an der Universität Illinois war sein Studium in Deutschland.<br />
<br />
An der Ohio State University arbeitete er von 1921 an an der Seite des Behavioristen Albert P. Weiss mit dem Titel eines Professor of German and Linguistics.<br />
<br />
1924 gründete er mit George M. Bolling und Edgar H. Sturtevant die "Linguistic Society of America".<br />
<br />
Im Jahre 1927 ging er nach Chicago, wo er bis 1940 im Bereich der Germanischen Philologie tätig war. Zum Präsidenten der LSA wurde er 1935 berufen. Als Nachfolger von Edward Sapir wurde Bloomfield 1940 Sterling Professor of Linguistics an der Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.<br />
<br />
==Quelle==<br />
*[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield] Leonard Bloomfield (Wikipedia)<br />
<br />
==Andere Sprachen==<br />
*English [[Leonard Bloomfield]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:De]]<br />
[[Category:BIOG|Bloomfield, Leonard]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leonard_Bloomfield&diff=4298Leonard Bloomfield2007-10-21T19:18:25Z<p>Antony Green: /* Other languages */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Bloomfield.jpg|thumb|right|L. Bloomfield]]<br />
'''Leonard Bloomfield''' (born April 1, 1887 in Chicago) was an American linguist who analyzed language in a behavioristic, mechanistic way. He died on April 18, 1949, in New Haven.<br />
<br />
Leonard Bloomfield was born to Sigmund and Carola Buber Bloomfield. His uncle, Maurice Bloomfield, was professor of comparative philology and Sanskrit at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. He entered Harvard College in 1903 and graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.A. in German. After studying with [[Eduard Prokosch]], he decided on a career in linguistics.<br />
<br />
At the University of Chicago, he was appointed assistant professor of German in 1908. Leonard Bloomfield received his Ph.D. one year later under Francis A. Wood with “A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut”. He married his fiancée Alice Sayers in the same year. He was employed by the University of Cincinnati as an instructor in German for the year 1909–10. He worked in the German Department of the University of Illinois until 1913.<br />
<br />
In the winter semester of 1913–14, Leonard Bloomfield began studying historical-comparative linguistics in the [[Neogrammarian]] tradition with August Leskien and Karl Brugmann in Göttingen and Leipzig, and in the summer semester of 1914 he studied historical-comparative linguistics with Jacob Wackernagel, as well as Indian and Iranian studies.<br />
<br />
His study in Germany was a condition of his employment from 1913–21 as Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German at the University of Illinois.<br />
<br />
From 1921 on, he worked as Professor of German and Linguistics at the Ohio State University, where he was a colleague of the behaviorist Albert P. Weiss.<br />
<br />
In 1924, he, George M. Bolling, and Edgar H. Sturtevant founded the Linguistic Society of America.<br />
<br />
In 1927 he left for Chicago, where he worked in the field of Germanic philology until 1940. He became president of the LSA in 1935. In 1940, he became Edward Sapir’s successor at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, as the Sterling Professor of Linguistics.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/bloomfield_leonard.html Leonard Bloomfield]<br />
<br />
==Other languages== <br />
*Deutsch [[Leonard Bloomfield (de)]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:BIOG|Bloomfield, Leonard]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Amerikanischer_Strukturalismus&diff=4291Amerikanischer Strukturalismus2007-10-21T16:29:56Z<p>Antony Green: /* Definition */ Link zu de-Artikel</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Definition ===<br />
<br />
Sammelbezeichnung für verschiedene Richtungen des [[Strukturalismus]], die in den zwanziger Jahren in den USA entstanden sind.<br />
<br />
<br />
Die Geschichte des Amerikanischen Strukturalismus beginnt mit Franz Boas, der sich im letzten Viertel des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts intensiv mit Anthropologie und Sprachen und Kultur der Indianer Nordamerikas befasste.<br />
Edward Sapir und [[Leonard Bloomfield (de)|Leonard Bloomfield]] („Language“ 1933) wurden wesentlich von Boas Arbeiten beeinflusst. Diese Erste Phase des Amerikanischen Strukturalimus wird trotz Schwierigkeiten bei der Trennung der verschiedenen Schulen als „Bloomfield-Ära“ bezeichnet.<br />
In Abgrenzung dazu entstand nach 1945 eine neue Forschungsrichtung, der Distributionalismus, dem als Hauptvertreter Zelling Harris, aber auch Bernard Bloch, Charles Hockett und andere angehörten.<br />
<br />
<br />
Wesentliche Einflüsse auf den Amerikanischen Strukturalismus haben also einerseits die Erforschung von aussterbenden Indianersprachen, andererseits die behavioristische Psychologie, die durch die naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden exakten Analysierens objektiv erfassbarer Daten gekennzeichnet ist. Die Vorgehensmethode war also rein deskriptiv und parole-bezogen.<br />
[[Phonologie]] und [[Grammatik]] wurden durch Segmentierung und Klassifizierung streng analysiert, wobei die einzelnen sprachlichen Elemente identifiziert und deren Anordnung untersucht wurde.<br />
Im Distributionalismus fand der Begriff der Semantik in negativem Sinne Beachtung, da die Semantik nur als bedingt in die wissenschaftliche Sprachanalyse integrierbar erachtet wurde, da sie mit der behavioristischen Bedeutungstheorie schwer vereinbar war.<br />
<br />
<br />
1965 rechnete [[Noam Chomsky]] in seinem Werk „Aspects of the Theory of Syntax“ mit dem Amerikanischen Strukturalismus ab, begründete aber mit der [[Transformationsgrammatik|generativen Transformationsgrammatik]] im weiteren Sinne ebenfalls eine Art strukturalistische Grammatik.<br />
<br />
=== Verweise ===<br />
<br />
*Hyperonym: [[Strukturalismus]]<br />
*Cohyponym: [[Distributionalismus]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Quelle ===<br />
<br />
WikiLingua 2006<br />
<br />
[[Category:De]]<br />
[[Category:DICT]]<br />
[[Category: Theorie]]<br />
[[Category: Linguistik]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leonard_Bloomfield&diff=4290Leonard Bloomfield2007-10-21T16:19:46Z<p>Antony Green: translated from German</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Bloomfield.jpg|thumb|right|L. Bloomfield]]<br />
'''Leonard Bloomfield''' (born April 1, 1887 in Chicago) was an American linguist who analyzed language in a behavioristic, mechanistic way. He died on April 18, 1949, in New Haven.<br />
<br />
Leonard Bloomfield was born to Sigmund and Carola Buber Bloomfield. His uncle, Maurice Bloomfield, was professor of comparative philology and Sanskrit at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. He entered Harvard College in 1903 and graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.A. in German. After studying with [[Eduard Prokosch]], he decided on a career in linguistics.<br />
<br />
At the University of Chicago, he was appointed assistant professor of German in 1908. Leonard Bloomfield received his Ph.D. one year later under Francis A. Wood with “A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut”. He married his fiancée Alice Sayers in the same year. He was employed by the University of Cincinnati as an instructor in German for the year 1909–10. He worked in the German Department of the University of Illinois until 1913.<br />
<br />
In the winter semester of 1913–14, Leonard Bloomfield began studying historical-comparative linguistics in the [[Neogrammarian]] tradition with August Leskien and Karl Brugmann in Göttingen and Leipzig, and in the summer semester of 1914 he studied historical-comparative linguistics with Jacob Wackernagel, as well as Indian and Iranian studies.<br />
<br />
His study in Germany was a condition of his employment from 1913–21 as Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German at the University of Illinois.<br />
<br />
From 1921 on, he worked as Professor of German and Linguistics at the Ohio State University, where he was a colleague of the behaviorist Albert P. Weiss.<br />
<br />
In 1924, he, George M. Bolling, and Edgar H. Sturtevant founded the Linguistic Society of America.<br />
<br />
In 1927 he left for Chicago, where he worked in the field of Germanic philology until 1940. He became president of the LSA in 1935. In 1940, he became Edward Sapir’s successor at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, as the Sterling Professor of Linguistics.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/bloomfield_leonard.html Leonard Bloomfield]<br />
<br />
==Other languages== <br />
*[[Leonard Bloomfield (de)]] - Deutsch<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:BIOG|Bloomfield, Leonard]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Leonard_Bloomfield_(de)&diff=4289Leonard Bloomfield (de)2007-10-21T16:14:41Z<p>Antony Green: Tippfehler korrigieren, Link zu en hinzu</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Bloomfield.jpg|thumb|right|L. Bloomfield]]'''Leonard Bloomfield''' geboren am 01. April 1887 in Chicago war ein US-amerikanischer Sprachwissenschaftler, der eine behavioristische, mechanistische Sprachanalyse betrieb. Er starb am 18. April 1949 in New Haven.<br />
<br />
==Leben==<br />
Leonard Bloomfield wurde als Sohn von Sigmund und Carola Buber Bloomfield geboren. Sein Onkel Maurice Bloomfield war Professor der Comparative Philology und des Sanskrit an der Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Nach seiner Immatrikulation 1903 im Harvard College graduierte er zu A.B. Assistant in German an der Universität Wisconsin. Für eine linguistische Laufbahn entschied er sich nach dem Studium bei Eduard Prokosch.<br />
<br />
An der Universität Chicago wurde er 1908 zum Assistant in German and Graduate Studies ernannt. Leonard Bloomfield promovierte ein Jahr später unter Francis A. Wood mit "A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut". Seine Freundin Alice Sayers heiratete er noch im selben Jahr. 1909/1910 beschäftigte ihn die Universität Cincinnati als Instructor in German. In der Deutschen Abteilung der Universität Illinois arbeitete er bis 1913.<br />
<br />
Leonard Bloomfield begann im Wintersemester 1913/14 mit Studien der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft junggrammatischer Art bei August Leskien und Karl Brugmann in Göttingen und Leipzig, im Sommersemester 1914 mit Studien der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft bei Jacob Wackernagel und der Indologie und Iranistik.<br />
<br />
Voraussetzung für seine Arbeit von 1913-1921 als Assistant Professor of Comparative Philology and German an der Universität Illinois war sein Studium in Deutschland.<br />
<br />
An der Ohio State University arbeitete er von 1921 an an der Seite des Behavioristen Albert P. Weiss mit dem Titel eines Professor of German and Linguistics.<br />
<br />
1924 gründete er mit George M. Bolling und Edgar H. Sturtevant die "Linguistic Society of America".<br />
<br />
Im Jahre 1927 ging er nach Chicago, wo er bis 1940 im Bereich der Germanischen Philologie tätig war. Zum Präsidenten der LSA wurde er 1935 berufen. Als Nachfolger von Edward Sapir wurde Bloomfield 1940 Sterling Professor of Linguistics an der Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.<br />
<br />
==Quelle==<br />
*[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield] Leonard Bloomfield (Wikipedia)<br />
<br />
==Andere Sprachen==<br />
*[[Leonard Bloomfield]] - English<br />
<br />
[[Category:De]]<br />
[[Category:BIOG|Bloomfield, Leonard]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Langacker,_Ronald&diff=4288Langacker, Ronald2007-10-21T15:58:12Z<p>Antony Green: fix double redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Ronald W. Langacker]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=4285User:Antony Green2007-10-21T15:38:40Z<p>Antony Green: </p>
<hr />
<div>I’m Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to.<br />
<br />
;Education<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation], University of Potsdam, 2006<br />
**Habilitation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology Limited''].<br />
<br />
;Employment<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997–99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000–04<br />
<br />
;Areas of specialty<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*In preparation: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology Limited'']. Book ms., University of Potsdam.<br />
*To appear: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=984 Coronals and compounding in Irish.] To appear in ''Linguistics''.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=4284User:Antony Green2007-10-21T15:33:16Z<p>Antony Green: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to.<br />
<br />
;Education<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997.<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
<br />
;Employment<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997&ndash;99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000&ndash;04<br />
<br />
;Areas of specialty<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
;Publications<br />
*In preparation: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology limited'']. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation] book ms., University of Potsdam.<br />
*To appear: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=984 Coronals and compounding in Irish.] To appear in ''Linguistics''.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.<br />
<br />
I don't have my own homepage, but see [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 my ROA listing] for papers I've written.<br />
<br />
Ich spreche auch Deutsch.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=4283Irish2007-10-21T12:14:12Z<p>Antony Green: add info on autonomous, use curly quotes (single quotes for glosses)</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or “broad”) and a palatalized (or “slender”) variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called “autonomous”) and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
The “autonomous” form of a verb is used when the subject is undefined; it can be translated into English with ‘someone’ as the subject, as in ''léitear'' ‘someone reads’. It is often used in a [[passive]] function (e.g. ''aithristear an scéal'' ‘someone tells the story’ or ‘the story is told’), but it is not a passive in form as its [[argument]] is a direct object, not a subject.<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, ‘you (singular) praise’ may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.<br />
<br />
Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' ‘with’ has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:<br />
<center><br />
{|<br />
! &nbsp; || Singular || Plural<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || liom ‘with me’ || linn ‘with us’<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || leat ‘with you’ || libh ‘with you’<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || leis ‘with him’<br />léi ‘with her’ || leo ‘with them’<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
‘Seán drinks milk.’<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D’ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
‘Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D’ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
‘Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday.’<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' ‘to be’ (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
‘The box is full.’<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
‘The box is on the table.’ <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
‘Máire is a teacher.’<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
‘Máire is the teacher.’<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Haspelmath&diff=4282User talk:Haspelmath2007-10-21T11:57:42Z<p>Antony Green: Template:Andere</p>
<hr />
<div>Dies ist eine Übersicht der Glotopedia-Seiten, die innerhalb der Linguipedia erstellt wurden:<br />
<br />
[[Sidebar]]<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:Main Page]] * [[Glottopedia:Hauptseite]]<br />
<br />
[[Glottopedia:About Glottopedia]] * [[Glottopedia:Über Glottopedia]]<br />
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== Template:Hello ==<br />
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Ich habe von der Linguipedia das [[Template:Hello|Begrüßungstemplate]] übernommen und an Glottopedia angepasst. <br />
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Von nun an können wir die Nutzer mit <nowiki>{{subst:Hello}}</nowiki> begrüßen.<br />
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--[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 18:03, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== Enbiog ==<br />
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Ja, das template enbiog wäre mit Variable nützlicher, aber ich weiß, dass es nicht so einfach geht. Ich habe in Balthasar's Bibliographiedatenbank 6000 Autorennamen der Form "Alexandra Aikhenvald" auf "Aikhenvald, Alexandra" umgestellt. Automatisch geht es nur gut bei nichtadligen Autoren mit nur einem Vornamen. Die vorlage müsste erkennen, dass sie bei "Ferdinand de Saussure" auch das de hinterstellen soll, oder bei "R. M. W. Dixon" das "R. M. W." und dazu kommen noch Autoren mit zwei Nachnamen, mit oder ohne Bindestrich. Bei chinesischen Autoren ist es aber andersrum... Diese müsste man so oder so manuell machen. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:07, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== Geschlecht der lebenden Linguisten ==<br />
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Zu den lebenden Linguisten, bei denen wir nur auf ihre homepage verweisen, würde ich das Geschlecht angeben. Ich erinnere mich gut, dass wenn ich Linguisten in Hausarbeiten zitiert habe, musste ich den text manchmal ohne anaphorische Pronomen schreiben, weil ich nicht wusste ob es ein "he" oder "she" ist. Bei manchen Vornamen ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_name unisex names]) kann man sich nicht sicher sein. Ich wusste einfach nicht, ob Francis Katamba Mann oder Frau ist. Wenn man keine Homepage mit foto findet ist man de ziemlich aufgeschmissen. Und mit fremdländischen namen kennt man sich nun schon gar nicht mehr aus, auch wenn er für kundige eindeutig geschlechtsspezifisch ist. (japanische, chinesische Namen). Und schon damals habe ich an so ein Geschlechtsregister der Linguisten gedacht, wo man nachschauen könnte (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== OT ==<br />
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Hallo.<br />
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ich hab in der deutschsprachigen WP den Artikel [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimalitätstheorie] geschrieben (zumindest maßgeblich erweitert). Was meinst Du, wär er es wert, hierher "rüberkopiert" zu werden? Grüße--[[User:Patrick|Patrick]] 09:09, 7 August 2007 (CEST).<br />
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==Hi==<br />
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Thanks for the welcome, I'll do that :) Btw, is there any reason why the licence is CC-BY-SA and not GFDL or CC-BY-SA +GFDL? Is it to be deliberately incompatible with Wikipedia? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:14, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== Template:Andere ==<br />
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Hallo, wäre es nicht hilfreich, wenn [[Template:Andere]] einen Parameter für ein Link zum Artikel in der anderen Sprache, damit der potenzielle Übersetzer ihn leichter finden könnte? —[[User:Antony Green|Tonio]] ([[User talk:Antony Green|tɔk tə mi]]) 13:57, 21 October 2007 (CEST)</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=4281Irish2007-10-21T11:51:43Z<p>Antony Green: /* Morphology */ add info on pro drop status and on inflected preps</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country's population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or "broad") and a palatalized (or "slender") variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, "you (singular) praise" may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.<br />
<br />
Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' "with" has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:<br />
<center><br />
{|<br />
! &nbsp; || Singular || Plural<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || liom "with me" || linn "with us"<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || leat "with you" || libh "with you"<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || leis "with him"<br />léi "with her || leo "with them"<br />
|}<br />
</center><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
"Seán drinks milk"<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D'ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
"Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday"<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D'ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
"Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday".<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' "to be" (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
"The box is full"<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
"The box is on the table" <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
"Máire is a teacher"<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
"Máire is the teacher"<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Category:LANG&diff=4261Category:LANG2007-10-21T09:27:18Z<p>Antony Green: add cat</p>
<hr />
<div>This is the category for the article type [[Glottopedia:Language articles|language articles]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Article type]]<br />
[[Category:Language description]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=4260Irish2007-10-21T09:23:18Z<p>Antony Green: dab gender</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country's population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or "broad") and a palatalized (or "slender") variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, "you (singular) praise" may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical.<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
"Seán drinks milk"<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D'ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
"Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday"<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D'ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
"Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday".<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' "to be" (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
"The box is full"<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
"The box is on the table" <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
"Máire is a teacher"<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
"Máire is the teacher"<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=4254User:Antony Green2007-10-21T00:13:43Z<p>Antony Green: </p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to.<br />
<br />
Education:<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997.<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
<br />
Employment:<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997&ndash;99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000&ndash;04<br />
<br />
Areas of specialty:<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
Publications:<br />
*In preparation: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology limited'']. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation] book ms., University of Potsdam.<br />
*To appear: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=984 Coronals and compounding in Irish.] To appear in ''Linguistics''.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.<br />
<br />
I don't have my own homepage, but see [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 my ROA listing] for papers I've written.<br />
<br />
Ich spreche auch Deutsch.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Category:Celtic&diff=4253Category:Celtic2007-10-20T23:58:20Z<p>Antony Green: New page: This category is for classifying articles relating to Celtic languages. Category:Indo-European</p>
<hr />
<div>This category is for classifying articles relating to Celtic languages.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indo-European]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Irish&diff=4252Irish2007-10-20T23:55:40Z<p>Antony Green: start article</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country's population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization|velarized]] and [[palatalization|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or "broad") and a palatalized (or "slender") variant.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| Consonant<br />phonemes<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Labial]]<br />
! colspan="6" | [[Coronal]]<br />
! colspan="4" | [[Dorsal]]<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiodental|Labio-<br>dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Labiovelar|Labio-<br>velar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Dental]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Velar]]<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Stop]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | pˠ<br>pʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | bˠ<br>bʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | t̪ˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | d̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>tʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>dʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>c || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɟ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | k<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɡ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Fricative]]/<br>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | fˠ<br>fʲ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>vʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | w<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | sˠ<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ʃ || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ç || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>j<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | x<br>&nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɣ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | h || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Nasal]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | mˠ<br>mʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | n̪ˠ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>nʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>ɲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ŋ<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|-<br />
!| [[Flap|Tap]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɾˠ<br>ɾʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
!| [[Lateral]]<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ɫ̪<br>&nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br>lʲ<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp; <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[vowel]]s are as follows:<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
! &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || iː || &nbsp; || uː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] || ɪ || &nbsp; || ʊ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || eː || &nbsp; || oː<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || ə || &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || ɛ || &nbsp; || ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan=3 align=center | a, aː<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Diphthong]]s:<br />
*/əi/<br />
*/əu/<br />
*/iə/<br />
*/uə/<br />
<br />
Schwa is found only in [[stress|unstressed]] syllables.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).<br />
<br />
[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].<br />
<br />
Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, "you (singular) praise" may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical.<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
As mentioned above, Irish word order is [[VSO]], as in (1).<br />
<br />
(1) Ólann Seán bainne.<br />
drinks Seán milk<br />
"Seán drinks milk"<br />
<br />
[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).<br />
<br />
(2) D'ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.<br />
drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday<br />
"Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday"<br />
<br />
However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).<br />
<br />
(3) D'ól Seán sa chistín inné é.<br />
drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it<br />
"Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday".<br />
<br />
The verb ''bí'' "to be" (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.<br />
<br />
(4) Tá an bosca lán.<br />
is the box full<br />
"The box is full"<br />
<br />
(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.<br />
is the box on the table<br />
"The box is on the table" <br />
<br />
(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.<br />
is Máire teacher<br />
<br />
Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).<br />
<br />
(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.<br />
COP teacher AGR Máire<br />
"Máire is a teacher"<br />
<br />
If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).<br />
<br />
(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir<br />
COP AGR Máire the teacher<br />
"Máire is the teacher"<br />
<br />
==Initial mutations==<br />
Like all [[Insular Celtic languages]], Irish is characterized by a set of initial mutations that appear in various morphosyntactic environments. Word-initial consonants are affected by either of two mutations, Lenition and Eclipsis, while word-initial vowels may acquire one of the prothetic consonants ''h'', ''n'', or ''t''.<br />
<br />
===Lenition===<br />
Lenition converts stops and /mˠ&nbsp;mʲ/ into fricatives/approximants, causes /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ to disappear, and causes coronals to lose their [[place of articulation]] (becoming either glottal or dorsal).<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Lenited<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || fˠ&nbsp;fʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || h<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || ɣ&nbsp;j<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ç&nbsp;x<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || j&nbsp;ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || (deleted)<br />
|-<br />
| sˠ&nbsp;ʃ || h<br />
|-<br />
| mˠ&nbsp;mʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Eclipsis===<br />
Eclipsis makes voiceless stops and /fˠ&nbsp;fʲ/ voiced, and converts voiced stops into the corresponding nasals.<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! Radical || Eclipsed<br />
|-<br />
| pˠ&nbsp;pʲ || bˠ&nbsp;bʲ<br />
|-<br />
| bˠ&nbsp;bʲ || mˠ&nbsp;mʲ<br />
|-<br />
| t̪ˠ&nbsp;tʲ || d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ<br />
|-<br />
| d̪ˠ&nbsp;dʲ || n̪ˠ&nbsp;nʲ<br />
|-<br />
| c&nbsp;k || ɟ&nbsp;ɡ<br />
|-<br />
| ɟ&nbsp;ɡ || ɲ&nbsp;ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| fˠ&nbsp;fʲ || w&nbsp;vʲ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:LANG]]<br />
[[Category:Celtic]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Griechisch&diff=4251Griechisch2007-10-20T22:47:45Z<p>Antony Green: /* Handbücher/Jahrbücher/Lexika */ Kategorie ändern</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox_Sprache|<br />
Sprache=Griechisch<br />
|Länder= Griechenlands (Australien [Melbourne], Ukraine, Türkei, Ägypten, Deutschland u. a.<br />
|Sprecher= ca. 13 Mio.<br />
|Klassifikation=*[[Indo-europäisch]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Name===<br />
[[Griechisch]] ist eine Indo-europäische Sprache, isolierter Zweig des indo-europäischen Sprachstammes; zum [[Balkansprachbund]] zählend. <br />
<br />
===Sprecher und Lokationen===<br />
Ca. 13 Mio. Sprecher, ca. 3 Mio. außerhalb Griechenlands (Australien [Melbourne], Ukraine, Türkei, Ägypten, Deutschland u. a.). <br />
<br />
=== Kommentare ===<br />
Die griechische Schrift wurde im 9. Jh. v. u. Z. wahrscheinlich aus dem [[Phönizisch]]en entwickelt und entspricht auch heute noch, trotz umfangreicher phonologischer Wandlungen ([[Jotazismus]]) im Wesentlichen der des [[Altgriechisch]]en (Schriftreform in der Diskussion; diakritische Zeichen, [[Diakritikon]], seit 1976 vereinfacht). <br />
<br />
Das Griechische ist Objekt unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Fachrichtungen im Rahmen der [[Klassischen Philologie]], der [[Byzantinistik]] und der [[Neogräzistik]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
Die schriftsprachlich sehr gut dokumentierte Sprache kann in vier historische Perioden eingeteilt werden: <br />
<br />
1.) Mykenisch (1500–1150 v. u. Z.), das in Form der kretischen Schrifttafeln ([[Linear B]]) dokumentiert ist;<br />
<br />
2.) [[Altgriechisch]] (800 v. u. Z.–300 u. Z., mit [[Neutestamentlichem Griechisch]] 300 v. u. Z.–300 u. Z.), <br />
<br />
3.) [[Mittelgriechisch]] (3.–15. Jh.) und <br />
<br />
4.) [[Neugriechisch]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Neben starker dialektaler Variation existieren zwei Sprachstandards (καθαρέυουσα (Katharevousa) 'Reinsprache, Kanzleisprache'; δημοτική (Dhimotiki) 'Volkssprache').<br />
<br />
Die türkische Besatzung beschränkte die Verwendung des Griechischen auf religiöse Zwecke und auf die Dhimotiki. Erst ab dem 19. Jh. gab es größere literarische Bewegung in der Katharevousa, ab dem 20. Jh. ausschließlich in der Dhimotiki, die seit 1976 als offizieller Sprachstandard gilt.<br />
<br />
Im phonologischen und morphologischen Bereich bestehen zwischen Dhimotiki und Katharevousa klare Unterschiede, welche erstere als Sprache mit zwar recht komplexen, gegenüber der Katharevousa jedoch stark reduzierten Formen kennzeichnen; syntaktische und semantische Differenzierungen sind nicht so deutlich erkennbar und kaum erforscht. <br />
<br />
Flektierend; Wortstellung wahrscheinlich SVO, mit Ausfall definiter thematischer Subjekt-Pronomina ([[Pro-Drop-Parameter]]). <br />
<br />
Komplexes, sich in der Entwicklung zum [[Neugriechisch]]en zunehmend vereinfachendes morphologisches [[Tempus- und Aspekt-System]]. <br />
<br />
Die Dhimotiki hat gegenüber dem [[Altgriechisch]]en ein reduziertes [[Numerus-System]] (Sg., Pl., Wegfall des [[Dual]]s) und [[Kasus-System]] (Nom., Akk., Vok., Zusammenfall von Dat. und Gen.), verfügt seit dem Ausfall zahlreicher infiniter Formen im [[Mittelgriechisch]]en über Verdoppelung von Klitika (gleichzeitiges Auftreten von Objekt und entsprechender klitischer Pronomina innerhalb des Verbkomplexes, z. B. ''to vlepo to vivlio'' 'das sehe [ich] das Buch'). <br />
<br />
Gegenüber dem [[Altgriechisch]]en mit musikalischem [[Akzent]] verfügt das [[Neugriechisch]]e über ein um die Langvokale reduziertes Vokalsystem (5 Kurzvokale: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u], die ihre Quantität entsprechend einem Intensitätsakzent verändern). <br />
<br />
===Link===<br />
[http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/linguistik/institut/syntax/onlinelexikon/G/griechisch.htm Griechisch] in Norbert Fries, Online Lexikon Linguistik<br />
<br />
===Literatur===<br />
*Alexiadou, A. et al. (Hg.) 1999. ''Studies in Greek Syntax.'' Dordrecht. <br />
*Alexopoulou, T. 1998. The Syntax of Discourse Functions in Greek: A Non-configurational Approach. Diss. Univ. of Edinburgh. <br />
*Allan, R. J. 2003. ''The Middle Voice in Ancient Greek. A Study in Polysemy.'' Amsterdam. <br />
*Alpers, K. 2004. Die griech. Orthographien. Byzantin. Zeitschrift 97, 1–50. <br />
*Bakker, E. J. (Hg.) 1997. ''Grammar as Interpretation. Greek Literature in its Linguistic Contexts.'' Leiden. <br />
*Blass, F. et al. 1984. ''Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch.'' Göttingen. <br />
*Constantinidis, S. (Hg.) 1999. ''Greece in Modern Times'' (An Annotated Bibliography of Works Published in English in 22 Academic Disciplines during the Twentieth Century). Lanham. <br />
*Crespo, E. et al. 2003. ''Sintaxis del Griego Clásico.'' Madrid. <br />
*Gignac, T. 1976, 1981. ''A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods.'' 2 Bde. Mailand. <br />
*Gildersleeve, B. L. 1980. ''Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes.'' Groningen. <br />
*Herring, S. et al. (Hg.) 2000. ''Textual Parameters in Ancient Languages.'' Amsterdam. <br />
*Holton, D. et al. 1997. Greek. ''A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language.'' London. <br />
*Horrocks, G. 1997. ''Greek. A History of the Language and its Speakers.'' London.<br />
*Irmscher, J. 1971. ''Einführung in die Byzantinistik.'' Berlin. <br />
*Joseph, B. D. 2001. ''Modern Greek – A Grammatical Sketch.'' LINCOM Europa Descriptive Grammar Series. <br />
*– Ders. et al. (Hg.) 1998. ''Themes in Greek Linguistics II.'' Amsterdam. <br />
*– Ders. & I. Philippaki-Warburton. 1987. ''Modern Greek.'' London. <br />
*Kazazis, J. N. (Hg.) 2003. ''The Lexicography of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Greek Literature. Present State and Prospects of Current Major Projects.'' Thessaloniki. <br />
*Kurzova, H. 1993. ''From Indo-European to Latin: The Evolution of a Morphosyntactic Type.'' Amsterdam. <br />
*Matic, D. 2003. Topic, Focus, and Discourse Structure. Ancient Greek Word Order. ''Studies in Language'' 27, 573–633. <br />
*McKay, K. L. 1994. ''A New Syntax of the Verb in New Testament Greek: An Aspectual Approach.'' New York. <br />
*Moravcsik, G. 1976. ''Einführung in die Byzantinologie.'' Darmstadt. <br />
*Nida, E. A. & J. P. Louw. 1992. ''Lexical Semantics of the Greek New Testament.'' Atlanta. <br />
*Niehoff-Panagiotidis, J. 1994. ''Koine und Diglossie.'' Wiesbaden. <br />
*Philippaki-Warburton, I. et al. (Hg.) 1994. ''Themes in Greek Linguistics.'' Amsterdam. <br />
*Porter, S. E. (Hg.) 2000. ''Diglossia and Other Topics in New Testament Linguistics.'' Sheffield.<br />
*– Ders. & D. A. Carson (Hg.) 1999., ''Linguistics and the New Testament: Critical Junctures.'' Sheffield. <br />
*Rijksbaron, A. 2002 (3). ''The Syntax and Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek.'' Amsterdam.<br />
*Rivero, M.-L. & A. Ralli. 2001. ''Comparative Syntax of the Balkan Languages.'' New York. <br />
*Rix, H. 1976. ''Histor. Grammatik des Griechischen.'' Darmstadt. <br />
*Silva, M. 1995. ''Biblical Words and Their Meanings: An Introduction to Lexical Semantics.'' Grand Rapids. <br />
*Stavrou M. & A. Terzi (Hg.) 2005. ''Advances in Greek Generative Syntax: In Honor of Dimitra Theophanopoulou-Kontou.'' Amsterdam. <br />
<br />
<br />
====Zeitschriften==== <br />
*Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. London 1975 ff. <br />
*Byzantin. Zeitschrift. München 1894 ff. <br />
*Filología Neotestamentaria. Universidad de Córdoba 1994 ff. <br />
*Journal for the Study of the New Testament. Sheffield 1977 ff. <br />
*Journal of Greek Linguistics. Amsterdam 2000 ff. <br />
*Journal of Modern Greek Studies. Baltimore 1983 ff. <br />
*Neotestamentica 1961 ff. <br />
*Studies in Biblical Greek. N. Y. 1991 ff. <br />
*Studies in Greek Linguistics. Thessaloniki 1981 ff.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Handbücher/Jahrbücher/Lexika====<br />
*Handbook of the History of the Greek Language. Thessaloniki 2000.<br />
*Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik. Wien 1951 ff.<br />
*A. P. Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford 1991. <br />
*T. Klausner, Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Stuttgart 1950 ff.<br />
*O. Mazahl, Handbuch der Byzantinistik. Graz 1989.<br />
*A. Thumb, Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte. Darmstadt 1909; 1932; 1959.<br />
*W. C. Trenchard, A Consise Dictionary of New Testament Greek. Cambridge 2004. <br />
*P. Wirth (Hg.), Reallexikon der Byzantinistik. Amsterdam 1968 ff. <br />
*R. D. Woodard (Hg.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages. Cambridge 2004.<br />
<br />
[[Category:De]] <br />
[[Category:LANG]] <br />
[[Category:Indo-European]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Category:Indo-European&diff=4250Category:Indo-European2007-10-20T22:46:32Z<p>Antony Green: New page: This category collects articles concerning the '''Indo-European''' language family. Category:LANG</p>
<hr />
<div>This category collects articles concerning the '''Indo-European''' language family.<br />
<br />
[[Category:LANG]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Category:Germanic&diff=4249Category:Germanic2007-10-20T22:46:05Z<p>Antony Green: add cat</p>
<hr />
<div>This category collects articles concerning the '''Germanic''' language family.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indo-European]]</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=User:Antony_Green&diff=4248User:Antony Green2007-10-20T22:26:54Z<p>Antony Green: New page: I'm Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to. Education: *B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990 *M.A. in lin...</p>
<hr />
<div>I'm Antony D. Green, known to many as Tonio. I no longer work as an academic, but I used to.<br />
<br />
Education:<br />
*B.A. in classics and linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, 1990<br />
*M.A. in linguistics, Yale University, 1991<br />
*Ph.D. in linguistics, Cornell University, 1997.<br />
**Dissertation topic, [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 ''The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx'']. Adviser: Draga Zec.<br />
<br />
Employment:<br />
*Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, 1997&ndash;99<br />
*University of Potsdam, 2000&ndash;04<br />
<br />
Areas of specialty:<br />
*[[Phonology]]<br />
*[[Morphology]]<br />
*[[Celtic languages]], especially [[Irish]]<br />
*[[Germanic languages]], especially [[English]]<br />
*[[Historical linguistics]], especially [[Indo-European linguistics]]<br />
<br />
Publications:<br />
*In preparation: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1327 ''Phonology limited'']. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation Habilitation] book ms., University of Potsdam.<br />
*To appear: [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=984 Coronals and compounding in Irish.] To appear in ''Linguistics''.<br />
*2006: The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. ''Lingua'' 116:1946–85.<br />
*2005: Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. In ''Studies in Burmese linguistics'', ed. Justin Watkins, 1–25. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br />
*2003: American English “r-colored” vowels as complex nuclei. ''Glot International'' 7 (4): 122–23.<br />
*2003: Extrasyllabic consonants and onset well-formedness. In C. Féry & R. van de Vijver (eds.), ''The Syllable in Optimality Theory'', 238–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
*2000: The prosodic representation of clitics in Irish. In ''Clitics in phonology, morphology, and syntax'', ed. B. Gerlach and J. Grijzenhout, 181–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br />
*1997: A reexamination of Old Irish 1 pl. ''-mai'' and 2 pl. ''-the''. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 110:128–36.<br />
*1996: Stress placement in Munster Irish. In ''CLS 32: Papers from the Main Session'', ed. L. M. Dobrin, K. Singer, and L. McNair, 77–91. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.<br />
*1995: [http://www.cascadilla.com/oldirish.html ''Old Irish Verbs and Vocabulary'']. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.<br />
<br />
I don't have my own homepage, but see [http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=545 my ROA listing] for papers I've written.</div>Antony Greenhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum/Archive_01&diff=4247Glottopedia:Forum/Archive 012007-10-20T22:26:28Z<p>Antony Green: /* License: CC vs. GFDL */</p>
<hr />
<div><div style="border:1px solid #8888AA;background-color:#F0FFF0;padding:7px;text-align:center"><br />
<big>'''Welcome to the Glottopedia Forum'''</big><br/><br/><br />
This is the place where you can ask questions about Glottopedia itself, and also about linguistic topics in general.<br/><br />
'''Click [http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php?title=Glottopedia:Forum&action=edit&section=new here] to add a new question. (Forum in German:[[Glottopedia:Diskussionsforum]])<br />
<br />
[[Category:En]]<br />
[[Category:Glottopedia]]'''<br />
</div><br />
<br />
__TOC__<br />
----<br />
==Unicode==<br />
Why is Glottopedia in ISO-8859-1 and not in Unicode? Wikipedia is in Unicode (UTF-8). --[[User:David Marjanović|David Marjanović]] 01:56, 28 June 2007 (CEST)<br />
: I am sure this will be fixed very soon. Glottopedia should be in UTF-8. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:: Now I'm not sure whether this UTF-8 encoding will be fixed soon. Whom shall we as kto do it? Who in Trier is responsible? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:18, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==Edit URL==<br />
Why is the URL of articles in Glottopedia hidden (when I enter via www.glottopedia.org)? It is really practical that one can edit the URL and get directly to some articles, categories, or templates. When I enter Glottopedia via http://urts120.uni-trier.de/glottopedia/index.php I can manipulate the URL as described. But this should be possible via www.glottopedia.org aswell. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:19, 6 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:There is a detailed description for at least three <span style="background-color:yellow;">solutions how to do this in the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Short_URL MediaWiki manual]</span>. It should work even if you don't have a root access to the host server. So please somebody try one of the possibilities to keep the URL short '''and''' editable. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 13:05, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
==External Links Keep Glottopedia URL!==<br />
When you click on an external link in Glottopedia, the URL in the adress field of your browser remains <nowiki>http://www.glottopedia.org/</nowiki> this should not be. Try this external link to Google: http://www.google.com/ --18:14, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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==Category names==<br />
What do LIRE and HYPO stand for? These are names of [[Special:Categories|categories]] which I can't guess. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:43, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:LIRE is no longer used. "HYPO" stands for [[Glottopedia:Dictionary_articles/Hypotheses_and_approaches|hypothesis and approach articles]], although we need to think more about whether we need it and how exactly we apply it. It should be considered preliminary at this point. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:05, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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== Rename LING to RESEARCH? ==<br />
<br />
I'd rename the ''LING'' article type to ''RESEARCH''. What do you think? --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:11, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:My original proposal was to name these articles "linguistics articles", to which Sven objected that in a way all articles are about linguistics. "Linguistic research articles" is probably better, although not all of them are about research in the narrow sense (basically they are about linguists' activities). Anyway, I like the abbreviation "LING" for "Linguistic research" much better than "LIRE". "RESEARCH" I find too long. But ultimately it's a matter of taste, and if someone else is strongly against "linguistic reaearch/LING", I'll be happy to go along with an alternative proposal.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 14:09, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
::Well, I thought if LINGUIST is not too long a category label, maybe RESEARCH would also be ok. For LING it is not immediately transparent what category it is. Anybody who wants to know what it is has to read it somewhere (where?). One thinks intuitively about "linguist", linguistics in general, but not of current research. I think this RESEARCH (or LING) category we could use for articles about current or recent projects: WALS, Autotyp, Negtyp, ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 21:59, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== About Glottopedia ==<br />
<br />
Currently we have the page two times: [[Glottopedia:About]] and [[Glottopedia:About_Glottopedia]]. One of them should be deleted --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 23:16, 10 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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==Link Forum==<br />
Please admins, sysops, link this forum in the navigation bar on the left. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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==Set the system time==<br />
The system time of the wiki-server seems to be 2 hours more than the German time. Please fix it. Everytime I sign some post, I wonder if it is really that late (-: --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:19, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
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==Multilingual categories?==<br />
I'd like to keep categories language-specific. It will get very messy if you see German, English and Russian articles about morphology in that category. We have the language splits almost everywhere, even for this forum, and all administrative pages, Guidelines, Community portal, portals ... so why to lump articles of different languages in one Category? We can handle it like the article names, there can be a category "Syntax", "Syntax (de)", ... --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 22:24, 12 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
:Using only Glottopedia's default language (English) in categories was a decision we took early on (see [[Glottopedia:Categorization]], second sentence). The idea was that unlike Wikipedia, which has different wikis for each language, Glottopedia has just a single wiki and is thus much more integrated. This is because many users will be multilingual, and will be happy to use articles in multiple languages more or less simulteanously. Of course, it would be necessary to have a search mechanism that allows queries such as "find all morphology articles in German" -- such a mechanism is not standard in Mediawiki and would have to be created as an add-on. I'm not saying that I'm strongly opposed to having the categories in multiple languages as well -- this might also be a good way of organizing Glottopedia, perhaps a better one. In that case, we wouldn't even need the category type "article language", because all categories would be language-specific. I'd like to hear more contributions to this important discussion.--[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:48, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
::I am perfectly confident with mulitlingual categories as long as one can easily filter them or combine them (Category:Syntax AND Category:De). The question is, how easily this can be implemented and used. If we plan to implement this, we should do it before the categories get too crowded. I see your point, since 99 % of Glottopedia users read German and English, there is no need for strict language separation. Let's give multilingual categories a try. At this time we don't have so many articles, so it is quite easy. '''But we need to update the automatic ABC-zation''' in overwiew of articles in the Category: Look at [[:Category:Syntax]] how the cyrillic characters mess up the layout (third column is longer!) and the "Č" in [[:Category:BIOG]] comes after "Z" rather than after "C". We must fix this somehow --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 20:45, 13 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
== Consistent orthography ==<br />
<br />
I saw Rk's recent renaming of some articles. We should decide how to write the names of the articles. There is sometimes "Quantitative Linguistics" sometimes "quantitative linguistics". I'm not familiar with the English orthography, but I think in the heading all words except for "of" and "the" are written with an initial uppercase letter. The question is how do we do in in Glottopedia. We should decide for one default for english and other orthographical variants should redirect to the default article. --[[User:Sven Siegmund|Sven Siegmund]] 10:58, 14 July 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:I propose using "Sentence case" for article titles in English. - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:37, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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<br />
<br />
== License: CC vs. GFDL ==<br />
<br />
is there any reason why the licence is CC-BY-SA and not GFDL or CC-BY-SA +GFDL? Is it to be deliberately incompatible with Wikipedia? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:14, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
<br />
:No, we thought that CC-BY-SA is compatible with Wikipedia, but that it has advantages over GFDL because the latter was really designed for software, not for encyclopedic content. --[[User:Haspelmath|Haspelmath]] 09:25, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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::The GPL is designed for software, the GFDL designed for documentation, to be honest, the GFDL isn't great, but it is what Wikipedia uses, so if we want to be able to share information with them we should at least dual licence. I've put a notice on my page, but ideally all of the content should be dual-licenced. MediaWiki probably allows this to be done. The CC-BY-SA is iirc not compatible with the GFDL (or so a brief Google search suggests). - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:33, 8 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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:No, Glottopedia does not want to be incompatible with Wikipedia. The CC-BY-SA license was chosen, because it is freer than GFDL. I don't know whether you have ever tried to publish something that contains GFDL material. This is only possible, if you include the GFDL license. In all other aspects CC-BY-SA and GFDL are compatible, i.e. you can always reuse CC-BY-SA material under GFDL, but not the other way round. Double licensing is possible, of course. So, if there are good arguments for it, such a solution can be taken into consideration. --[[User:Martin Haase|maha]] 00:49, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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::Well, freer is a subjective judgement, the CC-BY-SA has less restrictions than the GFPL that is certain. So CC-BY-SA content can be used under the GPL? I wasn't aware of this. Do you have any links? - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:28, 11 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
:::Certainly CC-BY-SA images are allowed at Wikipedia. However, it does seem that the text license is incompatible, so we can't just cut-n-paste whole Wikipedia articles here, even with correct attribution. [[User:Antony Green|Antony Green]] 00:26, 21 October 2007 (CEST)<br />
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==Examples==<br />
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While '<nowiki><pre></pre></nowiki>' tags can be used to create fixed space examples, e.g.<br />
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<pre><br />
This is an example<br />
This be+p3.sg.pres a example<br />
`This is an example'<br />
</pre><br />
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It would be nice to have a plugin which rendered them nicely, like <code>gb4e</code> in LaTeX. Any thoughts or does anyone know of such an example for MediaWiki, I know there is a LaTeX maths renderer, e.g. <math>\sum i+1</math> - [[User:Francis Tyers|Francis Tyers]] 09:58, 10 October 2007 (CEST)</div>Antony Green