http://glottopedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Bouba-kiki_effectBouba-kiki effect - Revision history2026-11-06T22:53:57ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.6http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19099&oldid=prevUnknown user at 04:38, 11 June 20242024-06-11T04:38:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">di</del>}}[[Category:Phonetics]][[Category:Psycholinguistics]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dc</ins>}}[[Category:Phonetics]][[Category:Psycholinguistics]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19097&oldid=prevUnknown user: +cats2024-06-11T04:35:50Z<p>+cats</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{di}}[[Category:Phonetics]][[Category:Psycholinguistics]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19091&oldid=prevUnknown user: Wohlgemuth moved page User:Avizzardhy/Draft2 to Bouba-kiki effect2024-06-11T04:29:00Z<p>Wohlgemuth moved page <a href="/index.php?title=User:Avizzardhy/Draft2" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Avizzardhy/Draft2">User:Avizzardhy/Draft2</a> to <a href="/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect" title="Bouba-kiki effect">Bouba-kiki effect</a></p>
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</td></tr></table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19010&oldid=prevUnknown user at 13:56, 9 June 20242024-06-09T13:56:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)<ref>Uznadze, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>Dimitri Uznadze<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>Wolfgang Köhler<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>in a 1929 experiment (Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)<ref>Uznadze, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler (1947) demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1947). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek ''et al.''<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek ''et al.''<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]]. The same study <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </ins>found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. <br></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19004&oldid=prevUnknown user at 13:16, 9 June 20242024-06-09T13:16:12Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>et al<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.''</ins><ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape. <br></div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=19003&oldid=prevUnknown user at 13:15, 9 June 20242024-06-09T13:15:33Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bouba/Kiki Effect ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense words "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''bouba/kiki effect''' or '''kiki/bouba effect''' is a phenomenon of crossmodal correspondence between sounds and shapes. It is a tendency in associating the nonsense <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>words<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>"bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky shape in systematic ways. Explanations of the ''bouba/kiki effect'' are typically described through iconic cross-sensory mechanisms. These mechanisms imply that the effect arises from a process where the properties inherent in the sound form of nonsense words or their motor [[articulations]] are directly matched to the properties of the abstract shapes. The ''bouba/kiki effect'' is a form of [[sound symbolism]] and considered as a universal sound-shape correspondence.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18995&oldid=prevUnknown user at 12:51, 9 June 20242024-06-09T12:51:52Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 by Ćwiek et al<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another study by Spence and Gallace (2010) documented numerous easily demonstrable crossmodal correspondences between shapes and various sensory properties of different food and beverage items. For example, research has shown that people often associate sweet-tasting foods with organic, rounded shapes ("bouba") while bitter and sour-tasting foods with more angular shapes ("kiki"). People also tend to link carbonation, as in sparkling beverages with more angular shapes<ref>Spence, Charles, and Alberto Gallace. "Tasting shapes and words." Food Quality and Preference 22.3 (2011): 290-295.</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18993&oldid=prevUnknown user at 12:37, 9 June 20242024-06-09T12:37:36Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18992&oldid=prevUnknown user at 12:35, 9 June 20242024-06-09T12:35:48Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment<ref><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Usnadze</del>, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1929</del>). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''The bouba/kiki effect'' was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Uznadze, 1924: Köhler, 1929)</ins><ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Uznadze</ins>, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(1947) </ins>demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1947</ins>). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of [[language]], as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by Ćwiek et al</ins><ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated ''the bouba/kiki effect'' across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that ''the bouba/kiki effect'' did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might override the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttp://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bouba-kiki_effect&diff=18990&oldid=prevUnknown user at 12:31, 9 June 20242024-06-09T12:31:01Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:31, 9 June 2024</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== History ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bouba/kiki effect was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment<ref>Usnadze, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>The bouba/kiki effect<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was initially observed by Georgian psychologist Dimitri Uznadze in 1924 and was later referenced by German American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in a 1929 experiment<ref>Usnadze, Dimitri. "Ein experimenteller Beitrag zum Problem der psychologischen Grundlagen der Namengebung." Psychologische Forschung 5 (1924): 24-43.</ref><ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology. New York: Liveright.</ref>. Köhler demonstrated the effect with the words "baluba" and "takete", which were subsequently changed to "maluma" and "takete." Köhler's findings indicate a strong preference for associating "maluma" with a rounded shape, while "takete" with a jagged shape <ref> Köhler, Wolfgang (1929). Gestalt Psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Liveright. </ref>. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that the bouba/kiki effect and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of language, as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2001, Ramachandran and Hubbard brought widespread attention to the phenomenon through their experiment using the words "bouba" and "kiki." They suggested that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>the bouba/kiki effect<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and other similar phenomena could offer important insights into the origins of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>language<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, as it implies that there might be natural constraints on the how sounds are associated with objects <ref> Ramachandran, Vilayanur S., and Edward M. Hubbard. "Synaesthesia--a window into perception, thought and language." Journal of consciousness studies 8.12 (2001): 3-34. </ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Research ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated the bouba/kiki effect across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study in 2022<ref>Ćwiek, Aleksandra, et al. "The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 377.1841 (2022): 20200390.</ref> investigated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>the bouba/kiki effect<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>across 25 languages. The findings revealed that this phenomenon is apparent across cultures, as 17 out of 25 languages validated the effect, showing a strong cross-linguistic pattern. Participants from various linguistic backgrounds consistently associated the word "bouba" with a round shape and "kiki" with a spiky one, this also suggests that the phenomenon is relatively independent of [[orthography]].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that the bouba/kiki effect did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">overrtide </del>the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The same study found that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>the bouba/kiki effect<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>did not occur for Chinese, Romanian, and Turkish. It was suggested that [[linguistic mechanisms]] in these languages might <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">override </ins>the effect, preventing certain associations. For example, in Romanian, the word for wound, ''bubă'', sounds like "bouba", but the sharpness of pain associated with this sound may eradicate the connection to the soft round shape.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== References ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown user