Habitual aspect - Revision history

MaJoKü: /* Habituals */

2010-06-05T21:32:12Z

Habituals

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 5 June 2010
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	* North Welsh: ''Darllenwn i “Y Farner.”'' (I used to read “The Banner”.)		* North Welsh: ''Darllenwn i “Y Farner.”'' (I used to read “The Banner”.)
	* Lithuanian: ''~~Atsikel davau~~ anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)		* Lithuanian: ''Atsikeldavau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)

	The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. Habituality constitutes just one possible reading in this case (Comrie 1985: 25).		The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. Habituality constitutes just one possible reading in this case (Comrie 1985: 25).
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	* German: ''Vor dem Schlafengehen lese ich ein Buch.'' (Before going to bed I read a book.)		* German: ''Vor dem Schlafengehen lese ich ein Buch.'' (Before going to bed I read a book.)
	* Ancient Greek: ''Ὁ γεωργός πωλεί το σιτίον.'' (The farmer sells his corn.)		* Ancient Greek: ''Ὁ γεωργός πωλεί το σιτίον.'' (The farmer sells his corn.)


	===Habitual-generics===		===Habitual-generics===

CarolinJahn at 13:40, 15 September 2009

2009-09-15T13:40:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 15 September 2009
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	The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English” (Dahl 1985: 97). Some languages have tenses that are specialized to the expression of habitual aspect.		The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a [[situation]] as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English” (Dahl 1985: 97). Some languages have tenses that are specialized to the expression of habitual aspect.

	==Comments==		==Comments==

Volker gast at 04:39, 20 July 2009

2009-07-20T04:39:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:39, 20 July 2009
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	The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in ~~English.”~~ (Dahl 1985: 97) ~~Few~~ languages ~~even~~ have tenses that are ~~reserved for~~ the habitual aspect.		The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English” (Dahl 1985: 97). Some languages have tenses that are specialized to the expression of habitual aspect.

	==Comments==		==Comments==

	The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[~~imperfect~~ aspect]]. It must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1985: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeated occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood ~~rather~~ as ~~one~~ single iterative situation than as a characteristic or habitual feature of the person who is coughing.		The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfective aspect]]. It must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1985: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeated occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood as a single iterative situation rather than a characteristic or habitual feature of the person who is coughing.

	Habitual sentences can basically be categorized into three subtypes across languages: habituals, habitual-generic sentences and the habitual past. (Dahl 1985: 95-102)		Habitual sentences can basically be categorized into three subtypes across languages: habituals, habitual-generic sentences and the habitual past. (Dahl 1985: 95-102)
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	* Lithuanian: ''Atsikel davau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)		* Lithuanian: ''Atsikel davau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)

	The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. ~~The understanding of habituality is optional.~~ (Comrie 1985: 25)		The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. Habituality constitutes just one possible reading in this case (Comrie 1985: 25).

	* English: ''After dinner Mr. and Mrs. Cooper go for a walk.''		* English: ''After dinner Mr. and Mrs. Cooper go for a walk.''
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	===Habitual-generics===		===Habitual-generics===

	'''Habitual-generic''' sentences describe the “typical or characteristic properties of a species, a kind, or an ~~individual.”~~ (Dahl 1985: 99) Their “lawlikeness” (Dahl 1985: 97) ~~raises~~ them to eternal truths or generalizations.		'''Habitual-generic''' sentences describe the “typical or characteristic properties of a species, a kind, or an individual” (Dahl 1985: 99). Their “lawlikeness” (Dahl 1985: 97) makes them similar to eternal truths or generalizations.

	* When cats are hungry they meow.		* ''When cats are hungry they meow.''
	* Children like ice cream.		* ''Children like ice cream.''
	* Competitive athletes pay great attention to a well-balanced supply of essential nutrients.		* ''Competitive athletes pay great attention to a well-balanced supply of essential nutrients.''


	===Habitual past===		===Habitual past===

	The '''habitual past''' is found in habitual sentences with past time reference. English, Alawa, Oneida and Seneca ~~belong to the group of~~ languages ~~which have a distinct habitual past~~. This ~~particular instance~~ of habituality ~~is sometimes misleading~~ because it does not ~~exist in~~ the present ~~tense:~~ It is unclear whether the situation described still holds. (Comrie 1985: 28)		The '''habitual past''' is found in habitual sentences with past time reference. Specialized habitual past tenses are found in English, Alawa, Oneida and Seneca, among other languages. This type of habituality implies a certain degree of indeterminacy because it does not make reference to the present. It is therefore unclear whether the situation described still holds at the moment of utterance (cf. Comrie 1985: 28).
	* English: He used to swim every morning.
			* English: ''He used to swim every morning.''


	==Habituality markers in English==		==Habituality markers in English==

	* be used to: ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''		* ''used to'': ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
	* would: ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''		* ''would'': ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
	* adverbials like usually, always etc.: ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''		* adverbials like ''usually'', ''always'' etc.: ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
	* like to: ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''		* ''like to'': ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
	* subordinate clauses beginning with (always) when: ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service. ''		* subordinate clauses beginning with (always) when: ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.''
	* the do~~-auxiliary~~ (in Early Modern English)		* the auxiliary ''do'' (in Early Modern English)

	==Synonyms==		==Synonyms==

Michael.retzar: changing references

2009-07-19T23:49:07Z

changing references

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:49, 19 July 2009
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	* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X		* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
	* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1985. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3~~'''~~ [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]		* Binnick, Robert I. 2005. The Markers of Habitual Aspect in English. ''Journal of English Linguistics'' 33(4). 339-369. [http://eng.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/339 Full Text]
			* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1985. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' ''' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3 [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
	* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3		* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
	* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]		* '''Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' ''' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
	* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2''' * [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]		* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' ''' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2 [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
	* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1		* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
	* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4		* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

Michael.retzar: changing definition, comment & examples; adding subtypes; correcting minor mistakes

2009-07-19T23:11:32Z

changing definition, comment & examples; adding subtypes; correcting minor mistakes

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 19 July 2009
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	The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to~~'' and ''would~~'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97)		The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97) Few languages even have tenses that are reserved for the habitual aspect.

	==~~=Habituality markers in English=~~==		==Comments==

	* ''be ~~used to~~''		The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]]. It must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1985: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeated occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single iterative situation than as a characteristic or habitual feature of the person who is coughing.
	* ''~~would~~''
	* adverbials like ''~~usually~~'', ''~~always~~'' ~~etc.~~
	* ''~~like to~~''
	* subordinate clauses beginning with ''(~~always~~) ~~when''~~
	* the ~~''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)~~

	~~===Examples===~~		Habitual sentences can basically be categorized into three subtypes across languages: habituals, habitual-generic sentences and the habitual past. (Dahl 1985: 95-102)

	* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''		==Subtypes and Examples==
	* ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
	* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
	* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
	* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'

	===~~Comments~~===		===Habituals===

	The ~~habitual aspect is a subcategory~~ of ~~the [[imperfect aspect]] and must~~ be ~~distinguished from the [[~~iterative ~~aspect]]. While~~ '''habituals''' ~~"describe a situation which is characteristic of an~~ ''~~extended~~'' ~~period~~ of ~~time"~~ (Comrie ~~1976~~: 27), '''~~iteratives~~''' ~~consist~~ of ~~"repeadted occurrences~~ of ~~the~~ ''~~same situation~~''" (~~Declerck 1991~~: ~~277~~)~~; e~~.g. ~~giving a sequence~~ of ~~coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature~~ of the ~~person coughing~~.		'''Habituals''' describe individual persons’ habits. Two types of habituals can be distinguished:

			Some Languages have imperfective forms which can unambiguously be interpreted as '''exclusively habitual'''.

			* North Welsh: ''Darllenwn i “Y Farner.”'' (I used to read “The Banner”.)
			* Lithuanian: ''Atsikel davau anksti.'' (I used to get up early.)

			The majority of languages has imperfective forms which can be interpreted as either '''habitual''' or '''progressive/conative/iterative'''. Sentences in these languages are defined as habituals if adverbs such as ''habitually'' or ''usually'' are implied in the context. The understanding of habituality is optional. (Comrie 1985: 25)

			* English: ''After dinner Mr. and Mrs. Cooper go for a walk.''
			* German: ''Vor dem Schlafengehen lese ich ein Buch.'' (Before going to bed I read a book.)
			* Ancient Greek: ''Ὁ γεωργός πωλεί το σιτίον.'' (The farmer sells his corn.)


			===Habitual-generics===

			'''Habitual-generic''' sentences describe the “typical or characteristic properties of a species, a kind, or an individual.” (Dahl 1985: 99) Their “lawlikeness” (Dahl 1985: 97) raises them to eternal truths or generalizations.

			* When cats are hungry they meow.
			* Children like ice cream.
			* Competitive athletes pay great attention to a well-balanced supply of essential nutrients.


			===Habitual past===

			The '''habitual past''' is found in habitual sentences with past time reference. English, Alawa, Oneida and Seneca belong to the group of languages which have a distinct habitual past. This particular instance of habituality is sometimes misleading because it does not exist in the present tense: It is unclear whether the situation described still holds. (Comrie 1985: 28)
			* English: He used to swim every morning.


			==Habituality markers in English==

			* be used to: ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
			* would: ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
			* adverbials like usually, always etc.: ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
			* like to: ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
			* subordinate clauses beginning with (always) when: ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service. ''
			* the do-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

			==Synonyms==

	~~===Synonyms===~~
	* [[habitualis]]		* [[habitualis]]
	* [[usitative]]		* [[usitative]]

	===References===		==References==

	* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X		* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
	* '''Comrie, Bernard. ~~1976~~. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]		* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1985. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
	* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3		* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
	* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]		* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
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	* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4		* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

	===Other languages===		==Other languages==
	German [[Habitualis (de)]]		German [[Habitualis (de)]]

Haspelmath at 11:57, 9 July 2009

2009-07-09T11:57:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:57, 9 July 2009
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	The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.		The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.

	==Synonyms==		===Synonyms===
	* [[habitualis]]		* [[habitualis]]
	* [[usitative]]		* [[usitative]]
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	German [[Habitualis (de)]]		German [[Habitualis (de)]]

			{{dc}}
	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]
	[[Category:Aspect]]		[[Category:Aspect]]
	~~[[Category:En]]~~
	~~[[Category:DICT]]~~

Haspelmath at 11:56, 9 July 2009

2009-07-09T11:56:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:56, 9 July 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually.		The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually. Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' and ''would'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97)

			===Habituality markers in English===
	Habituality ~~is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' and ''would'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible~~ in English~~.” (Dahl 1985: 97)~~


	=~~=Habituality Markers~~==

	* ''be used to''		* ''be used to''
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	* the ''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)		* the ''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)

			===Examples===
	==Examples==

	* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''		* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
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	* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'		* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'

			===Comments===
	==Comments==

	The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.		The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.


	==Synonyms==		==Synonyms==
	* ~~''Habitualis''~~		* [[habitualis]]
			* [[usitative]]

			===References===
	==References==

	* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X		* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
	* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3'''		* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search]
	* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3		* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
	* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6		* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6 [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text]
	* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2'''		* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2''' * [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search]
	* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1		* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
	* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4		* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4

			===Other languages===
			German [[Habitualis (de)]]

	~~==External Links==~~

	* [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search: Bernard Comrie’s ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'']
	* [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search: Renaat Declerck's ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse'']
	* [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text of Östen Dahl’s ''Tense and Aspect Systems'' on his official homepage]


	~~{{wb}}~~
	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]
	[[Category:Aspect]]		[[Category:Aspect]]
	[[Category:En]]		[[Category:En]]
	[[Category:DICT]]		[[Category:DICT]]

Michael.retzar: adding comment & glottopedia categories & more references & more links

2009-06-30T11:25:31Z

adding comment & glottopedia categories & more references & more links

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 30 June 2009
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	==~~Categorization~~==		==Habituality Markers==

	~~The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must~~ be ~~distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While~~ '''~~habituals~~''' ~~"describe a situation which is characteristic of an~~ ''~~extended~~'' ~~period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27-28)~~, '''~~iteratives~~''' ~~focus on a mere~~ ''~~repetition~~'' of the ~~same situations such as giving a sequence of coughs which could be understood as a single situation.~~ (~~Comrie 1976: 27~~)		* ''be used to''
			* ''would''
			* adverbials like ''usually'', ''always'' etc.
			* ''like to''
			* subordinate clauses beginning with ''(always) when''
			* the ''do''-auxiliary (in Early Modern English)


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	* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''		* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
	* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''		* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
	* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.''		* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.'


			==Comments==

			The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27), '''iteratives''' consist of "repeadted occurrences of the ''same situation''" (Declerck 1991: 277); e.g. giving a sequence of coughs should be understood rather as one single situation than as a characteristic feature of the person coughing.


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	==References==		==References==

	* Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3		* Binnick, Robert I. 1991. ''Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect.'' Oxford: University Press. 155. ISBN 0-19-506206-X
			* '''Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3'''
			* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3
	* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6		* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6
	* ~~Hartmann~~, R.R.K., and ~~F.C.~~ Stork. 1972. ''Dictionary of ~~language~~ and ~~linguistics~~.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1		* '''Declerck, Renaat. 1991. ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse.'' London: Routledge. 277-284. ISBN 0-415-06151-2'''
	* ~~Crystal~~, ~~David~~. ~~1987~~. ''~~The Cambridge encyclopedia of language~~.'' ~~Cambridge, England~~: ~~Cambridge University~~. ~~422~~. ISBN 0-~~521~~-~~26438~~-3		* Hartmann, Reinhard Rudolf Karl, and Stork, Francis Colin. 1972. ''Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
			* Hewson, John, and Bubenick, Vit. 1997. ''Tense ans Aspect in Indo-European Languages: Theory, Typology, Diachrony.'' Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 342-343. ISBN 1-556-19860-4


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	* [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search: Bernard Comrie’s ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'']		* [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search: Bernard Comrie’s ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'']
			* [http://books.google.de/books?id=BaUOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 Google Book Search: Renaat Declerck's ''Tense in English: Its Structure and Use in Discourse'']
	* [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text of Östen Dahl’s ''Tense and Aspect Systems'' on his official homepage]		* [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text of Östen Dahl’s ''Tense and Aspect Systems'' on his official homepage]


	~~{{stub}}~~

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	[[Category:Aspect]]		[[Category:Aspect]]
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Michael.retzar: adding definition, categorization, examples, links --~~~~

2009-06-29T19:24:42Z

adding definition, categorization, examples, links --~~~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 29 June 2009
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	~~{{stub}}~~		The '''habitual aspect''' is an [[aspect]] that characterizes a situation as occurring regularly or habitually.


			Habituality is either linguistically represented by verbal expressions like ''used to'' and ''would'' or it is indirectly implied in situations “in which the adverb ''usually'' is possible in English.” (Dahl 1985: 97)


			==Categorization==

			The habitual aspect is a subcategory of the [[imperfect aspect]] and must be distinguished from the [[iterative aspect]]. While '''habituals''' "describe a situation which is characteristic of an ''extended'' period of time" (Comrie 1976: 27-28), '''iteratives''' focus on a mere ''repetition'' of the same situations such as giving a sequence of coughs which could be understood as a single situation. (Comrie 1976: 27)


			==Examples==

	'''~~Habitual aspect~~''' ~~is an [[aspect]] that characterizes an [[event]] as occurring regularly or habitually~~.		* ''My parents used to travel to Rostock at the Baltic Sea every summer.''
			* ''A friend of my mine would swim in the ocean every day.''
			* ''We usually play table tennis after dinner.''
			* ''I like to go to the matches of my favourite football club.''
			* ''When I’m hungry my husband calls the pizza service.''


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	==References==		==References==
	* Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ~~(Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox~~-~~a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])~~
	* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ~~(Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])~~		* Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. ISBN 0-521-21109-3
	* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21.		* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. ISBN 0-631-14114-6
	* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422.		* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21. ISBN 0-853-34534-1
			* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422. ISBN 0-521-26438-3


			==External Links==

			* [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search: Bernard Comrie’s ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems'']
			* [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Full text of Östen Dahl’s ''Tense and Aspect Systems'' on his official homepage]


			{{stub}}

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	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]
	[[Category:Aspect]]		[[Category:Aspect]]

Michael.retzar: changing references, adjusting to glottopedia standards

2009-06-29T16:23:42Z

changing references, adjusting to glottopedia standards

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:23, 29 June 2009
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	==~~Literature~~==		==References==
	* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University~~, 1976~~. 26-32. (Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])		* Comrie, Bernard. 1976. ''Aspect: An Introduction to Verbal Aspect and Related Problems.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 26-32. (Link to [http://books.google.de/books?id=Z4FM00GAwlUC&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Google Book Search])
	* Dahl, Östen. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell~~, 1985~~. 95-102. (Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])		* Dahl, Östen. 1985. ''Tense and Aspect Systems.'' New York: Basil Blackwell. 95-102. (Link to [http://www.ling.su.se/staff/oesten/recycled/Tense&aspectsystems.pdf Stockholm University])
	* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science~~, 1972~~. 21.		* Hartmann, R.R.K., and F.C. Stork. 1972. ''Dictionary of language and linguistics.'' London: Applied Science. 21.
	* Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University~~, 1987~~. 422.		* Crystal, David. 1987. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of language.'' Cambridge, England: Cambridge University. 422.

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	[[Category:Semantics]]		[[Category:Semantics]]
	[[Category:Aspect]]		[[Category:Aspect]]