Irish - Revision history

NBlöcher: Marked as {{ref}}

2014-07-04T20:27:00Z

Marked as {{ref}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 4 July 2014
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	\|}		\|}

			{{ref}}
	[[Category:En]]		[[Category:En]]
	[[Category:Single language]]		[[Category:Single language]]
	[[Category:Celtic]]		[[Category:Celtic]]

MRiessler: more infobox

2013-02-04T16:05:59Z

more infobox

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 4 February 2013
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	\|Autonym =		\|Autonym =
	\|Pronunciation =		\|Pronunciation =
	\|Ethn15name =		\|Ethn15name =Gaelic, Irish
	\|OLACname =		\|OLACname =Irish
	\|WALSname =		\|WALSname =
	\|WALSLoc =		\|WALSLoc =
	\|Family =		\|Family =[[Indo-European]]
	\|Genus =		\|Genus =
	\|Countries =		\|Countries =
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	\|Speakers =		\|Speakers =
	\|WritingSyst =		\|WritingSyst =
	\|ISO =		\|ISO =ga
	\|ISO2B =		\|ISO2B =gle
	\|ISO2T =		\|ISO2T =
	\|ISO3 =		\|ISO3 =gle
	\|WALScode =		\|WALScode =
	\|MPIExt1 =		\|MPIExt1 =

MRiessler: infobox (needs to be completed)

2013-02-04T16:03:30Z

infobox (needs to be completed)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 4 February 2013
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			{{InfoboxLanguage
			\|Language =Irish
			\|Autonym =
			\|Pronunciation =
			\|Ethn15name =
			\|OLACname =
			\|WALSname =
			\|WALSLoc =
			\|Family =
			\|Genus =
			\|Countries =
			\|OfficialLg =
			\|Speakers =
			\|WritingSyst =
			\|ISO =
			\|ISO2B =
			\|ISO2T =
			\|ISO3 =
			\|WALScode =
			\|MPIExt1 =
			}}

	'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages\|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].		'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages\|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].

MRiessler: catfix (cat:LANG is hyperonym of cat:Single language)

2013-02-03T19:58:03Z

catfix (cat:LANG is hyperonym of cat:Single language)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 3 February 2013
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	[[Category:En]]		[[Category:En]]
	[[Category:~~LANG~~]]		[[Category:Single language]]
	[[Category:Celtic]]		[[Category:Celtic]]

Antony Green: rv: the point is that (6) is UNgrammatical (and tábla is an acceptable variant of bord)

2010-07-29T14:28:57Z

rv: the point is that (6) is UNgrammatical (and tábla is an acceptable variant of bord)

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 29 July 2010
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	‘The box is full.’		‘The box is full.’

	(5) Tá an bosca ar an ~~mbord~~.		(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.
	is the box on the table		is the box on the table
	‘The box is on the table.’		‘The box is on the table.’

	(6) * Tá Máire ~~tinn~~.		(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.
	is Máire ~~sick.~~		is Máire teacher

	Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).		Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).

Nickel: /* Syntax */

2008-10-31T02:18:49Z

Syntax

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:18, 31 October 2008
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	‘The box is full.’		‘The box is full.’

	(5) Tá an bosca ar an ~~tábla~~.		(5) Tá an bosca ar an mbord.
	is the box on the table		is the box on the table
	‘The box is on the table.’		‘The box is on the table.’

	(6) * Tá Máire ~~múinteoir~~.		(6) * Tá Máire tinn.
	is Máire ~~teacher~~		is Máire sick.

	Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).		Sentences whose predicate is a noun phrase contain no verb at all, but are introduced by the copulative [[particle]] ''is''. (Traditional grammars describe ''is'' as a verb, but theoretical syntacticians reject this analysis.) If the predicate is indefinite, it precedes the subject, and is separated from it by an agreement particle, as in (7).

Antony Green: /* Phonology */ add info on stress

2007-10-21T20:02:26Z

Phonology: add info on stress

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 21 October 2007
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	Schwa is found only in [[stress\|unstressed]] syllables.		Schwa is found only in [[stress\|unstressed]] syllables.

			In the northern (Ulster) and western (Connacht) dialects, stress regularly falls on the first syllable of the word, apart from a few adverbs like ''anseo'' ‘here’ and ''abhaile'' ‘home(ward)’ where it falls on the second syllable. In the southern (Munster) dialect, stress falls on the second syllable of a word if that syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, but the third syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, stress falls on the third syllable. If the second syllable contains the vowel /a/ followed by the consonant /x/, and both the first and third syllables contain short vowels, the stress falls on the second syllable. In all other cases (apart from the adverbs like ''anseo'' and ''abhaile'' mentioned above, and a few other exceptions) the stress falls on the first syllable.

			In the northern dialect, long vowels appear only in stressed syllables; they are shortened in unstressed syllables, but do not take on the lax quality of the short vowel phonemes; thus a shortened /iː/ is still a tense [i], not a lax [ɪ].

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Antony Green: add info on autonomous, use curly quotes (single quotes for glosses)

2007-10-21T12:14:12Z

add info on autonomous, use curly quotes (single quotes for glosses)

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 21 October 2007
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	'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages\|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the ~~country's~~ population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].		'''Irish''' is a [[Celtic languages\|Celtic language]] spoken in Ireland. It is an official language of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union, and has official recognition in Northern Ireland. It is a required subject for most schoolchildren in the Republic of Ireland, but only a small minority of the country’s population has native competence in the language, most Irish people being native speakers of [[English]].

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
	Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization\|velarized]] and [[palatalization\|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or ~~"broad"~~) and a palatalized (or ~~"slender"~~) variant.		Irish phonology is characterized by the persistent contrast between [[velarization\|velarized]] and [[palatalization\|palatalized]] [[consonant]]s. Almost all consonants make a phonemic contrast between a velarized (or “broad”) and a palatalized (or “slender”) variant.

	{\| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"		{\| border="1" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="text-align: center;"
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	Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)\|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).		Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)\|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).

	[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called ~~"autonomous"~~) and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].		[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called “autonomous”) and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].

	~~Finite~~ verb ~~forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following~~ subject ~~pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order~~ is ~~VSO), while~~ with ~~synthetic forms (which only appear in~~ the ~~1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a~~ subject ~~pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example~~, ~~"you (singular) praise" may be rendered~~ as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''~~molair tú~~'' ~~with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical~~. It is ~~thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as~~ a ''[[~~pro~~]]'' ~~drop language: after synthetic forms,~~ ''~~pro'' drop~~ is ~~obligatory~~, ~~and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop~~ is ~~prohibited. Unlike the situation~~ in ~~languages like~~ [[~~Spanish]] and [[Italian~~]], ~~''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional~~.		The “autonomous” form of a verb is used when the subject is undefined; it can be translated into English with ‘someone’ as the subject, as in ''léitear'' ‘someone reads’. It is often used in a [[passive]] function (e.g. ''aithristear an scéal'' ‘someone tells the story’ or ‘the story is told’), but it is not a passive in form as its [[argument]] is a direct object, not a subject.

	Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' ~~"with"~~ has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:		Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, ‘you (singular) praise’ may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.

			Like other Insular Celtic languages, Irish has inflected [[preposition]]s, i.e. prepositions fuse with object pronouns to form single words. For example, the preposition ''le'' ‘with’ has the following forms when it takes a pronominal object:
	<center>		<center>
	{\|		{\|
	!   \|\| Singular \|\| Plural		!   \|\| Singular \|\| Plural
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1st \|\| liom ~~"with me"~~ \|\| linn ~~"with us"~~		\| 1st \|\| liom ‘with me’ \|\| linn ‘with us’
	\|-		\|-
	\| 2nd \|\| leat ~~"with you"~~ \|\| libh ~~"with you"~~		\| 2nd \|\| leat ‘with you’ \|\| libh ‘with you’
	\|-		\|-
	\| 3rd \|\| leis ~~"with him"~~<br />léi ~~"with her~~ \|\| leo ~~"with them"~~		\| 3rd \|\| leis ‘with him’<br />léi ‘with her’ \|\| leo ‘with them’
	\|}		\|}
	</center>		</center>
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	(1) Ólann Seán bainne.		(1) Ólann Seán bainne.
	drinks Seán milk		drinks Seán milk
	~~"Seán~~ drinks milk"		‘Seán drinks milk.’

	[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).		[[Complement]]s follow the [[direct object]], as in (2).

	(2) ~~D'ól~~ Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.		(2) D’ól Seán an bainne sa chistín inné.
	drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday		drank Séan the milk in-the kitchen yesterday
	~~"Séan~~ drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday"		‘Séan drank the milk in the kitchen yesterday.’

	However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).		However, object [[pronoun]]s come at the end of the sentence, following any complements, as in (3).

	(3) ~~D'ól~~ Seán sa chistín inné é.		(3) D’ól Seán sa chistín inné é.
	drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it		drank Seán in-the kitchen yesterday it
	~~"Seán~~ drank it in the kitchen yesterday".		‘Seán drank it in the kitchen yesterday.’

	The verb ''bí'' ~~"to be"~~ (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.		The verb ''bí'' ‘to be’ (whose present indicative analytic form is ''tá'') cannot be used with a [[noun phrase]] as its predicate. Thus while (4) and (5) are both grammatical, (6) is not.

	(4) Tá an bosca lán.		(4) Tá an bosca lán.
	is the box full		is the box full
	~~"The~~ box is full"		‘The box is full.’

	(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.		(5) Tá an bosca ar an tábla.
	is the box on the table		is the box on the table
	~~"The~~ box is on the table"		‘The box is on the table.’

	(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.		(6) * Tá Máire múinteoir.
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	(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.		(7) Is múinteoir í Máire.
	COP teacher AGR Máire		COP teacher AGR Máire
	~~"Máire~~ is a teacher"		‘Máire is a teacher.’

	If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).		If the predicate is definite, it follows the subject; the subject is separated from the copulative particle by the agreement particle, as in (8).
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	(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir		(8) Is í Máire an múinteoir
	COP AGR Máire the teacher		COP AGR Máire the teacher
	~~"Máire~~ is the teacher"		‘Máire is the teacher.’

	==Initial mutations==		==Initial mutations==

Antony Green: /* Morphology */ add info on pro drop status and on inflected preps

2007-10-21T11:51:43Z

Morphology: add info on pro drop status and on inflected preps

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 [[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].
-Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, "you (singular) praise" may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical.
+Finite verb forms are either analytic or synthetic: analytic forms (apart from imperatives) require a following subject pronoun or noun (following because Irish word order is VSO), while with synthetic forms (which only appear in the 1st and 2nd persons, and not always then) a subject pronoun would be ungrammatical. For example, "you (singular) praise" may be rendered as either ''molann tú'' (with the analytic form ''molann'' followed by the pronoun ''tú'') or ''molair'' (with the synthetic form of the 2nd person singular), but *''molair tú'' with the synthetic form followed by the pronoun is ungrammatical. It is thus not straightforward whether Irish can be classified as a ''[[pro]]'' drop language: after synthetic forms, ''pro'' drop is obligatory, and after analytic forms, ''pro'' drop is prohibited. Unlike the situation in languages like [[Spanish]] and [[Italian]], ''pro'' drop in Irish is never optional.
 ==Syntax==

Antony Green: dab gender

2007-10-21T09:23:18Z

dab gender

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 21 October 2007
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	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
	Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).		Irish is an inflecting language. [[Noun]]s, which are divided into masculine and feminine [[gender (grammar)\|gender]]s, are declined for two [[number]]s (singular and plural) and four [[case]]s ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[vocative]]; the nominative also has [[accusative]] function).

	[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].		[[Verb]]s are conjugated for four [[person]]s (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the so-called "autonomous") and several tenses and moods (in the [[indicative]]: present, imperfect, preterite, future, conditional; in the [[subjunctive]]: present and imperfect; in the [[imperative]], present). Verbs also have a [[verbal noun]] which takes the place of an [[infinitive]] and a [[verbal adjective]] that functions similarly to a [[past participle]].