Perfective - Revision history

Volker gast at 14:34, 10 February 2010

2010-02-10T14:34:29Z

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	* Klein, Wolfgang. ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge, 1994.		* Klein, Wolfgang. ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge, 1994.

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Volker gast at 14:34, 10 February 2010

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	* Huddleston, Rodney D. and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.		* Huddleston, Rodney D. and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
	* Klein, Wolfgang. ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge, 1994.		* Klein, Wolfgang. ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge, 1994.

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Volker gast at 14:29, 10 February 2010

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	~~{{stub}}{{cats}}{{format}}~~		==Definition==
			The '''perfective aspect''' is a category of [[aspect]] that contrasts with the [[imperfective aspect]].

	If a ~~language has~~ a perfective aspect in ~~its verbs system~~, ~~then~~ the verb form ~~describes~~ the ~~whole action~~, ~~beginning~~, ~~middle~~ and ~~end~~ in ~~one go~~. ~~This means that~~ the perfective describes a complete ~~situation~~, ~~but it is~~ not 'completed'~~, according to Comrie,~~ 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', ~~18)~~		The '''perfective aspect''' “[views] the situation from outside, without necessarily distinguishing any of the internal structure of the situation” (Bache 1995: 269). 'Viewing a situation from outside' means focusing on the situation as a whole, i.e. in its entirety and as complete, regardless of its internal structure. Huddleston and Pullum (2002), basically adopting the model of Klein (1994), define '''perfective aspect''' by relating T<sub>R</sub> ('time referred to') to T<sub>SIT</sub> ('situational time'). Perfective aspect is accordingly defined as a property of situations in which T<sub>R</sub> entirely includes T<sub>SIT</sub> (Huddleston und Pullum 2002: 124f.).

			Bache (1995: 277) provides the following formula for the perfective aspect:

			:SF [T<sub>i</sub> ... T<sub>t</sub>] on Sx.

			He determines SF as ‘situational focus’, T<sub>i</sub> and T<sub>t</sub> as ‘any given situation’ which must take place at a particular place and time. Applied to the example given below, T<sub>i</sub> is the beginning of TR, i.e. 4 p.m. and T<sub>t</sub> is the terminal point of T<sub>R</sub>, i.e. 5 p.m. S<sub>x</sub> is the situation described by the verb form in the declarative sentence, i.e. 'take a nap'. The situational focus (SF) is on a situation between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m., and the past tense indicates that within that period of time (TR) the situation is completed in its entirety.

			Even though the perfective aspect describes 'complete' situations, the situations are not 'completed': 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie 1976: 18)

			==Examples==

			[[Image:Perf1.JPG]]

			[[Image:Perf2.JPG]]

			==Literature==

			* Bache, Carl. ''The Study of Aspect, Tense and Action.'' Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1995.
			* Comrie, Bernard. ''Aspect''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1976.
			* Downing, Angela and Philip Locke. ''English Grammar: A University Course.'' 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 2006.
			* Huddleston, Rodney D. and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
			* Klein, Wolfgang. ''Time in Language.'' London: Routledge, 1994.

Wohlgemuth: weia

2009-02-18T12:05:29Z

weia

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	If a language has a perfective aspect in its verbs system, then the verb form describes the whole action, beginning, middle and end in one go. This means that the perfective describes a complete situation, but it is not 'completed', according to Comrie, 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', 18)		If a language has a perfective aspect in its verbs system, then the verb form describes the whole action, beginning, middle and end in one go. This means that the perfective describes a complete situation, but it is not 'completed', according to Comrie, 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', 18)

DavidKGray at 11:57, 1 February 2008

2008-02-01T11:57:59Z

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	If a language has a perfective aspect in its verbs system, then the verb form describes the whole action, beginning, middle and end in one go. This means that the perfective describes a complete situation, but it is no 'completed', according to Comrie, 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', 18)		If a language has a perfective aspect in its verbs system, then the verb form describes the whole action, beginning, middle and end in one go. This means that the perfective describes a complete situation, but it is not 'completed', according to Comrie, 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', 18)

DavidKGray: Perfective denotes a complete action

2008-02-01T11:57:40Z

Perfective denotes a complete action

New page

If a language has a perfective aspect in its verbs system, then the verb form describes the whole action, beginning, middle and end in one go. This means that the perfective describes a complete situation, but it is no 'completed', according to Comrie, 'The use of "completed"... puts too much emphasis on the termination of the situation, whereas the use of the perfective puts no more emphasis, necessarily, on the end of the situation than on any other part of the situation.' (Comrie, ''Aspect'', 18)