Stress - Revision history

KPolitt: categorization

2013-05-20T12:00:51Z

categorization

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	* Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). ''English Phonology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.		* Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). ''English Phonology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
	* Plag, Ingo (2003). ''Word Formation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.		* Plag, Ingo (2003). ''Word Formation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

			[[Category:En]]
			[[Category:DICT]]
			[[Category:Phonology]]

Volker gast at 10:38, 27 June 2010

2010-06-27T10:38:26Z

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	===Trisyllabic verbs===		===Trisyllabic verbs===
	~~'''Trisyllabic verbs'''~~		* ... are stressed on the peunultimate syllable if the [[ultimate]] syllable is not heavy: ''abandon'', ''accomplish'', ''elicit'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the peunultimate syllable if the [[ultimate]] syllable is not heavy: ''abandon'', ''accomplish'', ''elicit'', etc.		* ... are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable if the ultimate syllable is heavy: ''analyze'', ''celebtrate'', ''culminate'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable if the ultimate syllable is heavy: ''analyze'', ''celebtrate'', ''culminate'', etc.

	===Distinctive lexical stress===		===Distinctive lexical stress===
	There are many disyllabic words in English whose meaning and class is distinguished by stress, e.g. '''present'''. If the word is stressed on the penultimate syllable, it functions as a noun (''gift'') or an adjective (antonym of ''absent''); if the ultimate syllable is stressed, the word functions as a verb (''offer''). Similarly ''export'', ''import'', ''contract'', ''object'', etc.		There are many disyllabic words in English whose meaning and class is distinguished by stress, e.g. ''present''. If the word is stressed on the penultimate syllable, it functions as a noun (''gift'') or an adjective (antonym of ''absent''); if the ultimate syllable is stressed, the word functions as a verb (''offer''). Similarly ''export'', ''import'', ''contract'', ''object'', etc.

	==Rules of stress placement for adjectives==		==Rules of stress placement for adjectives==
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	In cases of groups of two or more words, the place of stress depends on whether the group is a syntactic phrase or a compound noun. If it is a syntactic phrase, the adjective is usually less prominent while the noun carries the main stress: ''a nice GUY'' , ''a big HOUSE'', ''a good IDEA''. If two nouns form a compound noun, the stress is regularly put on the first word ('lefthand stress rule'): ''a HOT dog'', ''a PICture frame''. There are many (partly regular) exceptions to this rule, however, e.g. ''silk TIE'' and ''apple PIE'' (cf. Plag 2003).		In cases of groups of two or more words, the place of stress depends on whether the group is a syntactic phrase or a compound noun. If it is a syntactic phrase, the adjective is usually less prominent while the noun carries the main stress: ''a nice GUY'' , ''a big HOUSE'', ''a good IDEA''. If two nouns form a compound noun, the stress is regularly put on the first word ('lefthand stress rule'): ''a HOT dog'', ''a PICture frame''. There are many (partly regular) exceptions to this rule, however, e.g. ''silk TIE'' and ''apple PIE'' (cf. Plag 2003).

	====Cases of stress variation among native speakers====		==Cases of stress variation among native speakers==
	In a few words, variation in stress assignment can be observed, which is partly conditioned by [[diatopic]] or [[diastratic]] variation, but which is sometimes also [[idiolectal]]. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' while others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is '''~~CONtroversy~~''' vs. '''~~conTROversy~~'''.		In a few words, variation in stress assignment can be observed, which is partly conditioned by [[diatopic]] or [[diastratic]] variation, but which is sometimes also [[idiolectal]]. For example, some people say ''teleVIsion'' while others say ''TELevision''. Another example is ''CONtroversy'' vs. ''conTROversy''.

			==Literature==
			* Burzio, Luigi (1994). ''Principles of English Stress''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
			* Carr, Philip (1999). ''English Phonetics and Phonology.'' Oxford: Blackwell.
			* König, E. and Volker Gast (2009). ''Understanding English-German Contrasts''. 2nd ed. Berlin: Erich Schmidt (Ch. 3 on stress).
			* Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). ''English Phonology''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
			* Plag, Ingo (2003). ''Word Formation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Volker gast at 10:32, 27 June 2010

2010-06-27T10:32:15Z

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	In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' ~~generally~~ refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]]. Stressed syllables are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).		In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]]. Stressed syllables are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).

	Lexical stress may be distinctive, as in 'inCREASE' (verb) vs 'INcrease' (noun).		Lexical stress may be distinctive, as in 'inCREASE' (verb) vs 'INcrease' (noun).
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	==Rules of stress placement for nouns and verbs==		==Rules of stress placement for nouns and verbs==
	There are several, partly competing rules of stress assignment in English. The rules are sentitive to at least four factors: (i) the lexical class of the relevant ~~iten~~, (ii) the number of syllables, (iii) the phonological make-up of each of the syllables involved, and (iv) the historical origin of the word.		There are several, partly competing rules of stress assignment in English. The rules are sentitive to at least four factors: (i) the lexical class of the relevant item, (ii) the number of syllables, (iii) the phonological make-up of each of the syllables involved, and (iv) the historical origin of the word.

	===Disyllabic nouns===		===Disyllabic nouns===
	~~[[Disyllabic]] nouns~~ are mostly stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable: ''PRESent'', ''EXport'', ''CHIna'', ''TAble''; exceptions are found in recent loan words, e.g. ''poLICE'', ''hoTEL''.		are mostly stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable: ''PRESent'', ''EXport'', ''CHIna'', ''TAble''; exceptions are found in recent loan words, e.g. ''poLICE'', ''hoTEL''.

	===Disyllabic verbs===		===Disyllabic verbs===
	~~'''Disyllabic verbs'''~~		* ... are stressed on the [[ultimate]] syllable if it is [[heavy]]: ''carouse'', ''esteem'', ''fatigue'', ''foment'', ''maintain'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the [[ultimate]] syllable if it is [[heavy]]: ''carouse'', ''esteem'', ''fatigue'', ''foment'', ''maintain'', etc.		* ... are stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable if the [[ultimate]] syllable is not [[heavy]]: ''ambush'', ''banish'', ''brevet'', ''cancel'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable if the [[ultimate]] syllable is not [[heavy]]: ''ambush'', ''banish'', ''brevet'', ''cancel'', etc.

	===Trisyllabic nouns===		===Trisyllabic nouns===
	~~'''Trisyllabic nouns'''~~		* ... are stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable if it is not light: ''appendix'', ''banana'', ''intestine'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable if it is not light: ''appendix'', ''banana'', ''intestine'', etc.		* ... are stressed on the [[antepenultimate]] syllable if the penultimate syllable is light: ''asterisk'', ''citizen'', ''cinema'', etc.
	# ... are stressed on the [[antepenultimate]] syllable if the penultimate syllable is light: ''asterisk'', ''citizen'', ''cinema'', etc.

	===Trisyllabic verbs===		===Trisyllabic verbs===
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	# ... are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable if the ultimate syllable is heavy: ''analyze'', ''celebtrate'', ''culminate'', etc.		# ... are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable if the ultimate syllable is heavy: ''analyze'', ''celebtrate'', ''culminate'', etc.

	===~~Lexical Stress -~~ stress ~~determining word class~~===		===Distinctive lexical stress===
	There are many disyllabic words in English whose meaning and class is distinguished by stress, e.g. '''present'''. If the penultimate syllable ~~is stressed~~, ~~the word~~ functions as a noun (''gift'') or an adjective (antonym of ''absent''); if the ultimate syllable is stressed, the word functions as a verb (''offer''). Similarly ''export'', ''import'', ''contract'', ''object'', etc.		There are many disyllabic words in English whose meaning and class is distinguished by stress, e.g. '''present'''. If the word is stressed on the penultimate syllable, it functions as a noun (''gift'') or an adjective (antonym of ''absent''); if the ultimate syllable is stressed, the word functions as a verb (''offer''). Similarly ''export'', ''import'', ''contract'', ''object'', etc.

	==Rules of stress ~~assignment~~ for adjectives==		==Rules of stress placement for adjectives==
	Adjectives share properties with both verbs and nouns, as far as their prosodic behaviour is concerned. Many disyllabic adjectives are stressed on the penultimate syllable: ''ancient'', ''fragile'', ''hollow', ''narrow'', etc. Often, the stress position within a disyllabic adjectives is a function of the final syllable or suffix. For example, adjectives ending in ''-ant'', ''-ow'', ''-ient'' and ''-ous'' are normally stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable: ''flagrant'', ''callow'', ''ancient'', ''anxious''. Specific (mostly Latinate) suffixes attract stress, e.g. '''-eme'' (''extreme'', ''supreme'') and ''-ene'' (''serene'', ''obscene'').		Adjectives share properties with both verbs and nouns, as far as their prosodic behaviour is concerned. Many disyllabic adjectives are stressed on the penultimate syllable: ''ancient'', ''fragile'', ''hollow'', ''narrow'', etc. Often, the stress position within a disyllabic adjectives is a function of the final syllable or suffix. For example, adjectives ending in ''-ant'', ''-ow'', ''-ient'' and ''-ous'' are normally stressed on the [[penultimate]] syllable: ''flagrant'', ''callow'', ''ancient'', ''anxious''. Specific (mostly Latinate) suffixes attract stress, e.g. '''-eme'' (''extreme'', ''supreme'') and ''-ene'' (''serene'', ''obscene'').

	==Stress in adjective-noun combinations==		==Stress in adjective-noun combinations==
	In cases of groups of two or more words, the place of stress depends on whether the group is a syntactic phrase or a compound noun. If it is a syntactic phrase, the adjective is usually less prominent while the noun carries the main stress: ''a nice GUY'' , ''a big HOUSE'', ''a good IDEA''. If two nouns form a compound noun, the stress is regularly put on the first word ('lefthand stress rule): ''a HOT dog'', ''a PICture frame''. There are many (partly regular) exceptions to this rule, however, e.g. ''silk TIE'' and ''apple PIE'' (cf. Plag 2003).		In cases of groups of two or more words, the place of stress depends on whether the group is a syntactic phrase or a compound noun. If it is a syntactic phrase, the adjective is usually less prominent while the noun carries the main stress: ''a nice GUY'' , ''a big HOUSE'', ''a good IDEA''. If two nouns form a compound noun, the stress is regularly put on the first word ('lefthand stress rule'): ''a HOT dog'', ''a PICture frame''. There are many (partly regular) exceptions to this rule, however, e.g. ''silk TIE'' and ''apple PIE'' (cf. Plag 2003).

	====Cases of stress variation among native speakers====		====Cases of stress variation among native speakers====
	In a few words, variation in stress assignment can be observed, which is partly conditioned by [[diatopic]] or [[diastratic]] variation, but which is sometimes also [[idiolectal]]. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' while others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is '''CONtroversy''' vs. '''conTROversy'''.		In a few words, variation in stress assignment can be observed, which is partly conditioned by [[diatopic]] or [[diastratic]] variation, but which is sometimes also [[idiolectal]]. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' while others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is '''CONtroversy''' vs. '''conTROversy'''.

Volker gast at 10:26, 27 June 2010

2010-06-27T10:26:48Z

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Ppuhlmann: /* Rules of Word Stress in English */ further text revision

2010-06-16T21:22:33Z

Rules of Word Stress in English: further text revision

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	~~There are two very simple~~ rules ~~about~~ word stress:		====Two major rules for word stress====

	1.''~~One word has~~ only one stress''. (One word cannot have two stresses. ~~If you hear two stresses~~, ~~you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that~~ there can be a "secondary" stress in some words~~. But~~ a secondary stress is much ~~smaller~~ than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)		#''There is only one main stress per word''. (One word cannot have two stresses. However, there can be a "secondary" stress in some words, but a secondary stress is much prominent than the main [primary] stress, and it is only used in long words.)
			#''Only vowels are stressed, never consonants.''

	~~2.''We can only stress vowels, not consonants.''~~

	~~Here~~ are some more~~, rather complicated,~~ rules that ~~can~~ help ~~you understand~~ where to put the stress. ~~But do not rely on them too much~~, ~~because~~ there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.		====Further rules for word stress ====
			There are also some more rules that help to find out where to put the primary stress. However, note that there are many exceptions, so that these rules should rather be used as guidelines. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.

	'''1- Stress on first syllable'''		'''a. Stress on first syllable'''

	Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble		Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble

	'''2- Stress on last syllable'''		'''b. Stress on last syllable'''

	Most 2-syllable verbs to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN		Most 2-syllable verbs to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN

	'''3- Stress on penultimate syllable '''		'''c. Stress on penultimate syllable '''

	Words ending in '''-ic''' GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic		Words ending in '''-ic''' GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic
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	Words ending in '''-sion''' and '''-tion''' teleVIsion, reveLAtion		Words ending in '''-sion''' and '''-tion''' teleVIsion, reveLAtion

	'''4- Stress on ante-penultimate syllable'''		'''d. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable'''

	Words ending in -'''cy, -ty, -phy''' and '''-gy''' deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy		Words ending in -'''cy, -ty, -phy''' and '''-gy''' deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy
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	Words ending in '''-al''' CRItical, geoLOGical		Words ending in '''-al''' CRItical, geoLOGical

	~~'''5- Stress in compound nouns'''~~

	~~When we find a group~~ of two or more words ~~together~~, ~~we have to make a simple decision: which~~ of ~~those should I~~ stress ~~the most? How do I know which one to stress? Well, if~~ it is a description, ~~you should skim over~~ the ~~adjetive and~~ stress the noun:		==== Stress for modifying adjectives and compound nouns====

			In cases of groups of two or more words, the place of stress depends on whether it is a description or a compound noun. If it is a description, the adjective is usually less prominent whilethe main stress is put on the noun:

	a nice '''guy'''		a nice '''guy'''
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	If ~~you have a~~ two nouns ~~that~~ form a compound noun, stress the first word:		If two nouns form a compound noun, the stress is put on the first word:

	a '''hot''' dog		a '''hot''' dog
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	~~This will explain why it~~ is ~~said~~:		The difference is also illustrated in the following examples:

	He lives in a white '''house'''.		#He lives in a white '''house'''.

	He lives in the '''White''' House.		He lives in the '''White''' House.


	~~In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first syllable:~~

	a ''''greenhouse''' = place where we grow plants (compound noun)		a ''''greenhouse''' = place where we grow plants (compound noun)

	a '''green 'house''' = house painted green (adjective and noun)		a '''green 'house''' = house painted green (adjective and noun)


	a ''''bluebird''' = type of bird (compound noun)		a ''''bluebird''' = type of bird (compound noun)
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			====Lexical Stress - stress determining word class====
			There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class is distinguished by stress, e.g. '''present'''. If the stress is put on the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (antonym for "absent"). But if the stress is put on the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer, to give a presentation).

	There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word '''present''', for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words '''export, import, contract''' and '''object''' can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.		Further examples: the words '''export, import, contract''' and '''object''' can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or the second syllable.

			====Cases of stress variation among native speakers====
	For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' and others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is: '''CONtroversy''' and '''conTROversy'''		For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' and others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is: '''CONtroversy''' and '''conTROversy'''





	== Intonation: Noun or Verb ==		== Intonation: Noun or Verb ==

Ppuhlmann: text revision

2010-06-16T20:23:51Z

text revision

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	In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' generally refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]] by which they are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).		In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' generally refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]] by which they are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).

	The degree of prominence of a syllable, marked by loudness, length and [[pitch]]. Lexical stress refers to the prominence relations within ~~the~~ word, as in 'inCREASE' vs 'INcrease'. The term '''stress''' is also used ~~in a more general sense:~~ to indicate which words or phrases in a sentence bear [[accent]], or [[focus]].		The degree of prominence of a syllable is marked by loudness, length and [[pitch]]. Lexical stress refers to the prominence relations within a word which distinguishes lexical meanings by means of stress, as in 'inCREASE' (verb) vs 'INcrease' (noun). The term '''stress''' is also more generally used to indicate which words or phrases in a sentence bear [[accent]], or [[focus]].


			__TOC__
	== Stress in English nouns ==		== Stress in English nouns ==


	Intonation, the “music” of a language, is perhaps the most important element of a correct accent. ~~Many people think that pronunciation~~ is ~~what makes up~~ an accent~~. It may be that pronunciation~~ is ~~very important for~~ an ~~understandable~~ accent. ~~But it is intonation that gives~~ the ~~final touch that makes an accent correct or native. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect~~ grammar, ~~and perfect formation~~ of ~~the~~ sounds of English ~~but with a little something that gives her away~~ as ~~not being a~~ native speaker.		Intonation, the “music” of a language, is perhaps the most important element of a correct accent. Pronunciation is another element constituting an accent, but correct intonation is also necessary in order to make an accent sound indistinguishably native. In many cases non-native speakers who have developed near-native second language skills in the fields of grammar, pronunciation of sounds and words of English, clearly remain recognizable as non-native speaker because of slight variations in intonation.

	Therefore, it is necessary to realize that ~~there are three components to an accent~~, pronunciation, intonation~~, and linking~~		Therefore, it is necessary to realize that, besides pronunciation and linking, intonation is an important element to attain a native-like accent.

imported>Anonymous: /* Intonation: Noun or Verb */

2010-06-11T11:42:28Z

Intonation: Noun or Verb

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	For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' and others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is: '''CONtroversy''' and '''conTROversy'''		For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say '''teleVIsion''' and others say '''TELevision'''. Another example is: '''CONtroversy''' and '''conTROversy'''



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	== Intonation: Noun or Verb ==		== Intonation: Noun or Verb ==


	Knowing when and where to stress the words you use is very important for understanding, and is part of a good accent. A clear example is that of the different stress in nouns and verbs.		Knowing when and where to stress the words you use is very important for understanding, and is part of a good accent. A clear example is that of the different stress in nouns and verbs.

imported>Anonymous: /* Intonation: Noun/Adjective and Verb */

2010-06-11T00:08:33Z

Intonation: Noun/Adjective and Verb

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	to preSENT: meaning, to give, to introduce		to preSENT: meaning, to give, to introduce
	a PREsent: meaning, a gift, now		a PREsent: meaning, a gift, now


	~~== Intonation: Noun/Adjective and Verb ==~~

imported>Anonymous at 00:07, 11 June 2010

2010-06-11T00:07:57Z

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 The degree of prominence of a syllable, marked by loudness, length and [[pitch]]. Lexical stress refers to the prominence relations within the word, as in 'inCREASE' vs 'INcrease'. The term '''stress''' is also used in a more general sense: to indicate which words or phrases in a sentence bear [[accent]], or [[focus]].
-* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Stress&lemmacode=1312 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
+== Stress in English nouns ==
-===other languages===
+Intonation, the “music” of a language, is perhaps the most important element of a correct accent. Many people think that  pronunciation is what makes up an accent. It may be that pronunciation is very important for an understandable accent. But it is intonation that gives the final touch that makes an accent correct or native. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect formation of the sounds of English but with a little something that gives her away as not being a native speaker.
-{{dc}}
+=== Rules of Word Stress in English ===
-[[Category:Suprasegmental feature]]
-[[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]

Wohlgemuth: + utrecht

2009-06-09T13:45:20Z

+ utrecht

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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
	In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' generally refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]] by which they are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).		In [[phonology]], the term '''stress''' generally refers to an abstract property of [[syllable]]s within the [[word domain]] by which they are pronounced with more [[prominence]] than unstressed syllables. Prominence may involve greater [[amplitude]], higher [[pitch]], greater [[duration]] or greater accuracy of articulation (most notably in vowels).

			The degree of prominence of a syllable, marked by loudness, length and [[pitch]]. Lexical stress refers to the prominence relations within the word, as in 'inCREASE' vs 'INcrease'. The term '''stress''' is also used in a more general sense: to indicate which words or phrases in a sentence bear [[accent]], or [[focus]].

			=== Links ===

			* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Stress&lemmacode=1312 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
			* [http://www-uilots.let.uu.nl/~audiufon/data/woordklemtoon.html Audiodemonstration lexical stress]


	===other languages===		===other languages===
	German [[Betonung]]		German [[Betonung]]
	Korean [[강세]]		Korean [[강세]]



	{{dc}}		{{dc}}
	[[Category:Suprasegmental feature]]		[[Category:Suprasegmental feature]]
			[[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]