Difference between revisions of "Borrowing (i.e. loan)"

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A '''borrowing''' is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact.
 
A '''borrowing''' is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact.
  
Specific types of borrowings are commonly distinguished:
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===Subtypes===
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* [[core borrowing]]
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* [[cultural borrowing]]
 
* [[internal borrowing]]
 
* [[internal borrowing]]
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* [[nonce borrowing]]
 
* [[reborrowing]]
 
* [[reborrowing]]
* [[nonce borrowing]]
 
  
 +
('core borrowing' and 'cultural borrowing' are known especially from Myers-Scotton's work.)
 +
 +
==Examples==
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===English borrowings from the 18th century===
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(cf. Görlach 2001)
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* from German: ''cobalt'', ''quartz'', ''spath'', ''feldspar'', ''sinter'', ''gneiss'', ''hornblende'', ''nickel'', ''meerschaum'' (from the lexical field of mineralogy); ''landau'', ''pumpernickel'', ''seltzer'', ''waltz'';
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* from Low German/Dutch: ''schooner'', ''pea-jacket'', ''caboose'' (all nautical); from Cape Dutch: ''steenbok'', ''springbok'', ''klipspringer'', ''hartebeest'';
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* from Italian: ''cantata'', ''duetto'', ''finale'', ''soprano'', ''viola'', ''violoncello'', ''adagio'', ''crescendo'' (and dozens of other musical terms); ''colonnade'', ''arcade'', ''loggia'', ''alfresco'', ''picturesque'', ''terra-cotta'', ''torso'' (from architecture and art); ''influenza'', ''malaria'', ''extravaganza'', ''lotto''.
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* from Spanish: ''albino'', ''domino'', ''fandango'', ''flotilla'', ''jade'', ''merino'', ''stevedore''
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 +
==Literature==
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* Glahn, Richard. 2002. ''Der Einfluss des Englischen auf gesprochene deutsche Gegenwartssprache''. (= Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft 4, ed. by Rudolf Hoberg). Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
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* Görlach, Manfred. 2001. ''Eighteenth-Century English''. Heidelberg: Winter.
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* Görlach, Manfred. 2002. ''Einführung in die englische Sprachgeschichte''. Heidelberg: Winter.
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* Grzega, Joachim. 2003. 'Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology', ''Onomasiology Online'' 4: 22-42.
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* Riehl, Claudia Maria. 2004. ''Sprachkontaktforschung. Eine Einführung''. Tübingen: Narr.
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* Thomason, S.G. and T. Kaufman. 1988. ''Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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* Thomason, S.G. 2001. ''Language Contact: An Introduction''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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* Winford, D. 2003. ''An Introduction to Contact Linguistics''. London: Blackwell.
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[borrowing]] (disambiguation page)
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* [[borrowing (i.e. copying)]]
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* [[borrowing (i.e. adoption)]]
 
* [[loan]]
 
* [[loan]]
  
{{stub}}
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==Other languages==
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* Chinese [[外来词]]
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* German [[Entlehnung (d.h. Lehnwort)]]
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{{dc}}
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[[Category:Contact-induced change]]

Latest revision as of 17:08, 9 September 2009

Definition

A borrowing is a linguistic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact.

Subtypes

('core borrowing' and 'cultural borrowing' are known especially from Myers-Scotton's work.)

Examples

English borrowings from the 18th century

(cf. Görlach 2001)

  • from German: cobalt, quartz, spath, feldspar, sinter, gneiss, hornblende, nickel, meerschaum (from the lexical field of mineralogy); landau, pumpernickel, seltzer, waltz;
  • from Low German/Dutch: schooner, pea-jacket, caboose (all nautical); from Cape Dutch: steenbok, springbok, klipspringer, hartebeest;
  • from Italian: cantata, duetto, finale, soprano, viola, violoncello, adagio, crescendo (and dozens of other musical terms); colonnade, arcade, loggia, alfresco, picturesque, terra-cotta, torso (from architecture and art); influenza, malaria, extravaganza, lotto.
  • from Spanish: albino, domino, fandango, flotilla, jade, merino, stevedore

Literature

  • Glahn, Richard. 2002. Der Einfluss des Englischen auf gesprochene deutsche Gegenwartssprache. (= Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft 4, ed. by Rudolf Hoberg). Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
  • Görlach, Manfred. 2001. Eighteenth-Century English. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Görlach, Manfred. 2002. Einführung in die englische Sprachgeschichte. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Grzega, Joachim. 2003. 'Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology', Onomasiology Online 4: 22-42.
  • Riehl, Claudia Maria. 2004. Sprachkontaktforschung. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.
  • Thomason, S.G. and T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Thomason, S.G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Winford, D. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. London: Blackwell.

See also

Other languages