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Bracketing paradox - Revision history
2024-03-28T15:37:33Z
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2008-03-29T05:59:34Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:59, 29 March 2008</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===References===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===References===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Halle, M. & Vergnaud , J.-R. 1987.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Halle, M. & Vergnaud , J.-R. 1987<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. ''An Essay on Stress.'' Cambridge: MIT-Press</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Hoeksema J. 1985.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Hoeksema J. 1985<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Categorial Morphology. PhD. diss. Groningen University</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Hoeksema, J. 1987.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Hoeksema, J. 1987<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Relating Word Structure and Logical Form. ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 18, 119-126</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Kiparsky, P. 1982.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Kiparsky, P. 1982<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology. In ''The Structure of Phonological Representations (I).'' van der Hulst, H. & Smith, N. (eds.), 131-175</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Kiparsky, P. 1983.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Kiparsky, P. 1983<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Word formation and the lexicon. In ''Proceedings of the 1982 Mid-America Linguistics Conference.'' Ingemann, F. (ed.), 3-32. University of Kansas</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pesetsky, D. 1979.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pesetsky, D. 1979<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. ''Russian Morphology and Lexical Theory.'' ms. MIT</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pesetsky, D. 1985.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Pesetsky, D. 1985<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Morphology and Logical Form. ''Linguistic Inquiry 16'', 193-246</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sproat, R. 1985.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sproat, R. 1985<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. On Deriving the Lexicon. PhD diss. MIT</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sproat, R. 1988.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sproat, R. 1988<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Bracketing Paradoxes, Cliticization, and Other Topics. In ''Morphology and Modularity.'' Everaert, M. et al. Dordrecht, Foris</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Williams, E. 1981.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Williams, E. 1981<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. On the notions 'Lexically Related' and 'Head of a Word'. ''Linguistic Inquiry 12'', 245-274</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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Luo
http://glottopedia.org/index.php?title=Bracketing_paradox&diff=5770&oldid=prev
Luo: from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics
2008-03-29T04:11:33Z
<p>from Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>In morphology, '''bracketing paradox''' is a situation in which the morphological structure of a word which one would like to propose for semantic reasons does not correspond to the structure one would like to propose for phonological reasons. <br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
A well-known case of a bracketing paradox independent of level-ordering (see [[Level Ordering Hypothesis]]) involves the English comparative [[suffix]] ''-er'' and the negative [[prefix]] ''un-''. In this case the phonological argumentation derives from a well-known restriction on the attachment of ''-er''. This [[suffix]] is [[subject]] to the following constraint: it may attach to monosyllabic [[adjective]]s, and a small class of bisyllabic ones with a light final syllable, while it may not attach to adjectives with two or more heavy syllables. Compare the words<br />
<br />
blacker, softer, poorer, nicer<br />
happier, luckier, heavier<br />
*directer, *complexer, *eloquenter, *importanter<br />
<br />
Apparent counterexamples involve the [[prefix]] ''un-'', since ''unhappier'', ''unluckier'' etc. are well-formed. In level-ordering theories, the solution to this problem is almost trivial: assume that ''-er'' suffixation takes place at an earlier level than ''un-'' prefixation. In that case ''-er'' is added to, for instance, ''happy'', and ''un-'' to ''happier'', and the phonological condition on ''-er'' suffixation is not violated. Hence, the phonologically motivated morphological structure of unhappier is ''[un [happy-er]<sub>A</sub>]<sub>A</sub>''. However, this structure raises a problem of interpretation. The meaning of the word ''unhappier'' can be paraphrased as 'more not happy', i.e. with more having scope over ''un-'', and crucially not as 'not more happy' with reversed [[scope]]. Hence the semantically motivated structure is ''[[un happy] er]''.<br />
<br />
===Comments===<br />
A situation in which morphophonological structure and semantic structure are not isomorphic. The existence of bracketing paradoxes is closely associated with level-ordering theories such as Pesetsky's (1979) and Kiparsky's (1982) theories of [[Lexical Morphology]]/Phonology. These theories propose morphological structures on the basis of level-ordering which are sometimes in conflict with the semantic structure. <br />
<br />
All bracketing paradoxes take the form: [ [[prefix]] [ [[root]]+[[suffix]]]] <-> [[[[prefix]]+[[root]]] [[suffix]]].<br />
<br />
===Synonym===<br />
[[relatedness paradox]]<br />
<br />
===Link===<br />
[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Bracketing+paradox&lemmacode=848 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics] <br />
<br />
===References===<br />
*Halle, M. & Vergnaud , J.-R. 1987.<br />
*Hoeksema J. 1985.<br />
*Hoeksema, J. 1987.<br />
*Kiparsky, P. 1982.<br />
*Kiparsky, P. 1983.<br />
*Pesetsky, D. 1979.<br />
*Pesetsky, D. 1985.<br />
*Sproat, R. 1985.<br />
*Sproat, R. 1988.<br />
*Williams, E. 1981.<br />
<br />
{{dc}}<br />
[[Category:Syntax]]</div>
Luo