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  • Natural morphology
    ..., in the sense that every morpheme has one form and one meaning, and every meaning corresponds to exactly one form. This relation is called [[biuniqueness]]. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Natural+Morphology&lemmacode=488 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
    833 bytes (118 words) - 19:43, 17 February 2009
  • Biuniqueness
    ...ry [[morpheme]] has one phonological form and one [[meaning]], and every [[meaning]] (or grammatical category) corresponds to exactly one phonological form. *Dressler, W. 1985a. On the Predictiveness of Natural Morphology. ''Journal of Linguistics 21'', 321-338.
    624 bytes (80 words) - 19:05, 20 June 2014
  • Logical semantics
    ...[[Montague Grammar]] is the most detailed example of a semantic theory for natural language based on the principles of logical semantics. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    910 bytes (127 words) - 10:21, 17 February 2009
  • Rigid designator
    ...2) made the claim that natural kind terms (i.e. names of biological sorts, natural or mineral substances) are also rigid designators. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    1 KB (179 words) - 18:50, 28 September 2014
  • Vagueness
    ...ed, due to the impreciseness of natural language. In ''John is tall'', the meaning of the adjective ''tall'' is vague in the sense that the precise degree of * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
    763 bytes (104 words) - 08:44, 30 August 2014
  • Icon
    An '''icon''' is a [[sign]] whose meaning is directly linked to its form. In natural language, icons are found in the form of [[onomatopoetic word]]s and [[soun
    220 bytes (34 words) - 20:50, 3 July 2014
  • Disjunction
    ...inclusive, because it allows the propositions phi and psi both to be true. Natural language ''or'' can also be used exclusively: only one of the two propositi * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    871 bytes (126 words) - 20:48, 12 February 2009
  • Determiner
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (279 words) - 20:29, 12 February 2009
  • Left downward monotonicity
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    1 KB (167 words) - 20:08, 16 February 2009
  • Generalized Quantifier Theory
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (274 words) - 15:27, 15 February 2009
  • Restricted quantifier
    ...g the quantifying determiner (''every man, some woman'') or by an inherent meaning element (''everyone, something''). * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    1 KB (166 words) - 17:32, 28 September 2014
  • Arbitrariness of the sign
    ...sofar as there is no direct link between the form (''signifiant'') and the meaning (''signifié'') of a sign. There are systematic exceptions to the principle
    613 bytes (94 words) - 17:34, 18 June 2014
  • Monotonicity
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    1 KB (164 words) - 19:02, 17 February 2009
  • Universal quantifier
    It is a standard assumption that natural language expressions such as ''each girl'' and ''everyone'' contain (or are * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    740 bytes (106 words) - 16:46, 24 August 2014
  • Fixed-context assumption
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
    830 bytes (106 words) - 03:37, 18 May 2009
  • Propositional logic
    ...cording to the syntax of propositional logic. The semantics interprets the meaning of the logical constants in terms of [[truth-value]]s. Propositional logic When we translate the natural language statements in (i) into propositional logic (as in (ii)) we get the
    1 KB (221 words) - 19:16, 27 September 2014
  • Downward monotonicity
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (263 words) - 21:09, 12 February 2009
  • Montague Grammar
    ...[Richard Montague]]. It is based on the idea that the meaning theories for natural languages and formal languages can and should be based on the same principl ...ontaining possible worlds and moments of time, and crucial use is made of #meaning postulates. The range of constructions and phenomena treated in PTQ include
    2 KB (304 words) - 18:24, 21 September 2014
  • Properness
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    1 KB (170 words) - 19:13, 27 September 2014
  • Gender (grammar)
    ...tween masculine, feminine and neuter, whether the division be based on the natural division into the two sexes, or on that between animate and inanimate, or o Traditionally, the distinction between [[natural gender]] (which designates the biological sex of animate referents) and [[g
    2 KB (295 words) - 16:55, 21 August 2014
  • Negation
    * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. *[[Horn, Lawrence R.]] 1989. ''A natural history of negation.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    1 KB (192 words) - 16:35, 18 July 2014
  • Predicate
    ...en used to mark (semantic) predicates as such and to distinguish them from natural language , e.g. man'(Fred). When a predicate takes two arguments (denotes a * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (270 words) - 14:54, 14 June 2009
  • Article
    ...rence. Definite or specific articles can also grammaticalize from pronouns meaning 'a certain'. As articles necessarily accompany nouns, it is in these cases
    2 KB (263 words) - 17:03, 20 September 2014
  • Radical reanalysis
    ...at the surface level [...] but these surface changes can be viewed as the natural and expected result of functionally prior modifications in rules and underl ...ith the verb to have or in the past-participle form ''-en'' (also the past meaning of some of the forms, which were originally past tense, was lost) among oth
    3 KB (419 words) - 17:09, 29 October 2007
  • Strength
    * Barwise, J. & R. Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (281 words) - 13:39, 9 June 2009
  • Logic
    ...prove statements from given premises and axioms. In formalizing rules for natural deduction, logical languages have been developed, designed to provide trans * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    2 KB (301 words) - 17:50, 21 September 2014
  • Feature
    [[Distinctive feature]]s are used to explain that phonological rules apply to natural classes of sounds, i.e. sounds which share certain (phonetic) properties. F ...roposed. The development of feature geometry (cf. Clements 1985), in which natural classes are represented by hierarchical structure as well as by features th
    4 KB (612 words) - 19:54, 24 July 2010
  • Numerus
    ...l (eds.). 2012. ''Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2070-2097. ...l (eds.). 2012. ''Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1131-1185.
    6 KB (751 words) - 17:49, 26 March 2021
  • Aktionsart
    ...actuality), which designate the two basic types of situation found in our natural environment (cf. Verkuyl 1993: 43). [[Lexical aspect]] and its difference f The relationship between the meaning of a verb and a specific type of situation is not absolute (cf. Bache 1995:
    6 KB (819 words) - 09:15, 14 June 2014
  • Ambiguity, Polysemy and Vagueness
    ...ed in cognitive semantics referring to different instances of plurality of meaning. According to Deane (1988) these three phenomena “form a gradient between ...wever, disregarding puns (see 1.5), in every linguistic situation only one meaning of an ambiguous expression can be used. There are several forms of ambiguit
    12 KB (1,883 words) - 16:39, 15 June 2014
  • Aspect
    ...ve aspect]] is one of the most important aspectual distinctions encoded in natural languages. * Dowty, D. 1979. ''Word meaning and Montague grammar: the semantics of verbs and times in generative semant
    4 KB (579 words) - 02:29, 15 January 2019
  • Irony
    ...presses a negative or at least dissociative attitude towards the utterance meaning. ...include other types of discrepancies between literal meaning and intended meaning.
    13 KB (1,992 words) - 20:32, 4 July 2014
  • Ambiguität
    *B. Nerlich et al. (Hg.), Polysemy. Flexible Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Berlin 2003. *H. Shemtov, Ambiguity Management in Natural Language Generation. Diss. Univ. Stanford 1997.
    3 KB (401 words) - 17:11, 15 June 2014
  • Main Page
    ...ciple]], [[metrical phonology]], [[minimal word constraint]], [[nasal]], [[natural class]], [[pitch accent (lexical)]], [[prependix]], [[stop]], [[stress]], ...peech act]], [[internally caused situation]], [[meaning]], [[modality]], [[Natural Semantic Metalanguage]], [[performative verb]], [[perlocutionary act]], [[
    8 KB (758 words) - 10:19, 15 August 2023
  • Parallel corpus
    ...ged, deleted, inserted or reordered by the translator in order to create a natural translation in the target language. In order to compare the original text a ...vey a different meaning. Even if words of the two languages have a similar meaning, they might belong to different registers or contexts, so that complete tra
    8 KB (1,196 words) - 17:22, 18 July 2014
  • Modalität
    *Bybee, J. L. 1985. ''Morphology. A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. *McShane, M. 2004. Mood and Modality: Out of Theory and Into the Fray. ''Natural Language Engineering'' 19(1), 57–89.
    9 KB (1,176 words) - 17:37, 1 June 2014
  • James D. McCawley/publications
    *1967b. Meaning and the description of language. Kotoba no Uchu 2.9.10-18, 2.10.38-48, and *1972a. A program for logic. D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), Semantics of natural language (Dordrecht: Reidel), 498-544. Reprinted in McCawley 1973e:285-319.
    31 KB (4,322 words) - 06:06, 8 March 2009
  • S.-Y. Kuroda/publications
    ...ido: Tokyo. English translation: Grammatical Transformation and changes of meaning. Linguistic Notes from La Jolla 3. 41-46. 1970. .... Gross, M. Halle, and M. P. Schutzenberger (eds.), the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages. 362-371. Mouton: The Hauge.
    18 KB (2,647 words) - 12:19, 11 July 2021
  • Tsez
    ! meaning ! meaning
    50 KB (8,020 words) - 17:31, 2 March 2018
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