Swedish Phonology

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Vowels

The Swedish alphabet uses nine vowels: a, e, i, o, u, y, å, ä and ö.

With regard to their pronunciation, the language consists of 18 vowel phonemes which are distinguished by their lengthening. There are nine long and nine short vowels which entail a difference of quality and quantity. The orthographic depiction of diphthongs does not exist in Swedish.

Long Vowels

There are nine long vowel phonemes which can cause a change in the meaning of a word.

Long vowels swedish 3.jpg


  Front unrounded Front rounded Central rounded Back rounded
Close ʉː
Close mid øː   Open mid Open


Examples: is [iːs] ny [nyː] mus [mʉːs] sol [suːl] led [leːd] öl [øːl] bås [boːs] näs [nɛːs] sak [sɑːk]

Sometimes the doubling of a consonant also indicates the lengthening of a preceding vowel, e.g. bar - barr.

Short Vowels

Swedish makes use of nine short vowels.


In many cases e and ä coincide and are pronounced the same such as in sett - sätt. On that account some dictionaries mention that there are only eight short vowels in the Swedish language.

Consonants

Several assertions are put up concerning the number of consonant phonemes. Many dictionaries argue that there are only 18 of them, treating retroflexes as allophones. If the five retroflexes are counted among phonemes, there are 23 consonant phonemes altogether.


  Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p, b t, d ʈ [1],

ɖ [2]

  k, g  
Fricative f, v s ʂ [3] ɕ [4] ɧ [5] h
Nasal m n ɳ [6]   ŋ  
Trill / Flap   r        
Approximant       j    
Lateral Approximant   l ɭ [7]      

Annotation: Where two phonemes appear in one column the first phoneme is always voiceless and the second voiced.