Difference between revisions of "Topic"

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'''Topic''' is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the [[comment]]). Usually, the topic is given in the [[discourse]], the comment is new information about it. The topic (or '''theme''') is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about ([[Predication|predicated]]). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood. For example, the topic is emphasized ''like this'' in the following [[sentence]]s:
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The '''topic''' is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the [[comment]]). Usually, the topic is [[given]] in the [[discourse]], the comment is [[new information]] about it. The topic is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about ([[Predication|predicated]]). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood.  
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:::*''"An entity E is the topic of a sentence, S, iff in using S the speaker intends to increase the addressee’s knowledge about, request information about, or otherwise get the addressee to act with respect to E."'' (Gundel 1988:210)
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===Examples===
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For example, the topic is italicized in the following [[sentence]]s:
  
 
  ''The dog'' bit the little girl.
 
  ''The dog'' bit the little girl.
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  ''The little girl'', the dog bit her.
 
  ''The little girl'', the dog bit her.
  
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===Comments===
  
 
One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.
 
One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.
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In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.
 
In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.
  
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===Synonym===
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*[[theme (i.e. topic)]]
  
The topic is also called ''[[theme]]'', and the predicate that gives information on the topic is also called ''[[rheme]]''.
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===Subtypes===
 
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*[[aboutness topic]]
A distinction must be made between the ''sentence-level topic'' and the ''discourse-level topic''. Suppose we are talking about Mike's house:
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*[[sentence topic vs. discourse topic]]
 
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*[[stage topic]]
:''Mike's house was so comfortable and warm! He really didn't want to leave, but he couldn't afford the rent, you know. And it had such a nice garden in the back!''
 
 
 
In the example, the discourse-level topic is established in the first sentence: it is ''Mike's house''. In the following sentence, a new "local" topic is established on the sentence level: ''he'' (Mike). But the discourse-level topic is still Mike's house, which is why the last comment does not seem out of place.
 
 
 
  
 
=== Examples ===
 
=== Examples ===
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In (i)a the subject ''Taroo'' is marked for TOPIC by ''wa''<nowiki>; in (i)b </nowiki>''Taroo'' is marked for SUBJECT by ''ga''.
 
In (i)a the subject ''Taroo'' is marked for TOPIC by ''wa''<nowiki>; in (i)b </nowiki>''Taroo'' is marked for SUBJECT by ''ga''.
 
===In [[syntax]] ===
 
 
It is assumed that the topic may, or, in certain languages, must be placed at the beginning of the sentence. In some languages, the topic may also be provided with a specific morphological marking.
 
 
 
  
 
===See also===
 
===See also===
* [[Topic marker]]
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* [[Topic chaining]]
 
* [[Topic-comment-distinction]]
 
* [[Topic-comment-distinction]]
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* [[Topic-prominent Language]]
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* [[Japanese]]
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===Link===
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* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Topic&lemmacode=178 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
 
*Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
 
*Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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*Gundel, Jeanette K. 1988. Universals of topic-comment structure. In: ''Studies in syntactic typology'', ed. by Michael Hammond, Edith Moravecsik, and Jessica Wirth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
 
*Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 
*Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 
*Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
 
*Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
 
* Reinhart, T. 1981. ''Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics.,'' Philosophica 27, 53-94
 
* Reinhart, T. 1981. ''Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics.,'' Philosophica 27, 53-94
 
 
===Links===
 
* [http://specgram.com/CLI.3/04.metalleus.topicalization.html Topicalization In Moundsbar]: a humorous look at a ficitonal example of extreme topicalization.
 
* [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Topic&lemmacode=178 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
 
 
  
 
{{dc}}
 
{{dc}}
 
[[Category:Information structure]]
 
[[Category:Information structure]]
 
[[Category:General]]
 
[[Category:General]]
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[[Category:Syntax]]
  
 
{{FromWP|en|English|Topic_%28linguistics%29}}
 
{{FromWP|en|English|Topic_%28linguistics%29}}

Latest revision as of 08:05, 23 May 2014

The topic is that part of an utterance about which something is said (the comment). Usually, the topic is given in the discourse, the comment is new information about it. The topic is thus the part of the proposition that is being talked about (predicated). Once stated, the topic is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and understood.

  • "An entity E is the topic of a sentence, S, iff in using S the speaker intends to increase the addressee’s knowledge about, request information about, or otherwise get the addressee to act with respect to E." (Gundel 1988:210)

Examples

For example, the topic is italicized in the following sentences:

The dog bit the little girl.
The little girl was bitten by the dog.
It was the little girl that the dog bit.
The little girl, the dog bit her.

Comments

One test for determining the topic of a sentence A is by formulating a question Q to which A might be the answer. The topic should then be the information common to both Q and A.

Q: What about Mary?
A: John is taking care of her

In this context her ('Mary') is the topic of sentence A.

Synonym

Subtypes

Examples

Many languages, like English, resort to different means in order to signal a new topic, such as:

  • Stating it explicitly as the subject (which tends to be considered more topic-like by the speakers).
  • Using passive voice to transform an object into a subject (for the above reason).
  • Emphasizing the topic using clefting.
  • Through periphrastic constructions like "As for...", "Speaking of...", etc.
  • Using left dislocation (called topic fronting or topicalization, i. e. moving the topic to the beginning of the sentence).

There are some other languages, like Japanese, that work directly on a topic-comment frame. A new topic is always introduced in a specific way, like with a topic marker (Japanese uses a postposition, wa). The topic can be the subject or the object of a verb, but it can also be an indirect object or even an oblique complement of any kind. It is always dislocated to the front of the sentence.

Signaling the topic as such serves the pragmatic function of avoiding repetition. In many languages, old topics are replaced with a pronoun. Pro-drop languages like Japanese tend simply to delete the old topic, which is then left implicit throughout the discourse until a new one appears.

Consider the following data from Japanese:

(i) a  Taroo-wa kaeru-o koros-i-ta
       Taroo-TOP frog-OBJ killed
       'Taroo killed the frog'
    b  Kaeru-wa Taroo-ga koros-i-ta
       frog-TOP taroo-SUBJ killed
       'The frog Taroo killed'

In (i)a the subject Taroo is marked for TOPIC by wa; in (i)b Taroo is marked for SUBJECT by ga.

See also

Link

References

  • Givón, Talmy. 1983a. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Gundel, Jeanette K. 1988. Universals of topic-comment structure. In: Studies in syntactic typology, ed. by Michael Hammond, Edith Moravecsik, and Jessica Wirth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Lambrecht, Knud. 1994. Information structure and sentence form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson (1976): "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages", in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457-490.
  • Reinhart, T. 1981. Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics., Philosophica 27, 53-94
! This article was originally copied from the English Wikipedia.