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• A-position
  ...positions. A position which is not an A-position is called an A'-position (A-bar-position). The NPs ''John and apples'' in the sentence ''John eats apples'' are in A-positions (in D-structure).
  858 bytes (116 words) - 08:55, 26 May 2013
• A-binding
  ...inding''' is a [[binding]] relation in which the [[antecedent]] is in an [[A-position]]. *[[A-bar free]]
  316 bytes (41 words) - 08:55, 14 June 2014
• A-free
  '''A-free''' refers to anything which is not [[A-bound]], is A-free. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-free&lemmacode=1002 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  258 bytes (34 words) - 08:54, 26 May 2013
• A-GF
  '''A-GF''' is a [[GF]] corresponding to an [[A-position]]. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-GF&lemmacode=1005 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  246 bytes (32 words) - 08:57, 26 May 2013
• Condition A
  '''Condition A''' is one of the [[condition]]s of the [[binding theory]]. *[http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Condition+A&lemmacode=907 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  272 bytes (37 words) - 17:26, 20 September 2014
• A-bar position
  ...g., wh-movement. The landing site of a movement can be an A-position or an A-bar position. *German [[A-bar-Position]]
  414 bytes (62 words) - 16:57, 18 June 2014
• A-bar binding
  ...inding''' is a [[binding]] relation in which the [[antecedent]] is in an [[A-bar position]]. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-bar+binding&lemmacode=959 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  296 bytes (40 words) - 08:51, 26 May 2013
• A-bar free
  Anything which is not [[A-bar bound]] is '''A-bar free'''. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-bar+free&lemmacode=962 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  250 bytes (34 words) - 08:51, 26 May 2013
• A-bar movement
  ...As is well known, unbounded dependencies are a characteristic property of A ′-movement （Huang et al., 2009). ...generally limited within the minimal domain containing a subject, whereas A ′ -movement allows long-distance operations.
  1 KB (182 words) - 02:47, 31 July 2021

Page text matches

• A-bar position
  ...g., wh-movement. The landing site of a movement can be an A-position or an A-bar position. *German [[A-bar-Position]]
  414 bytes (62 words) - 16:57, 18 June 2014
• Predicate Internal Subject Hypothesis
  A hypothesis that a VP contains a subject position of its own.
  122 bytes (18 words) - 03:11, 29 July 2021
• Accomplishment
  ...(or state of affair) which is [[dynamic]] (implies change), [[telic]] (has a natural endpoint) and [[durative]] (non-punctual). * ''build, make, draw a picture, look through, walk a mile, read a book''
  440 bytes (60 words) - 09:16, 14 June 2014
• Spirantisation
  A [[stop]] becoming a [[fricative]] (particularly when preceding a high vowel).
  265 bytes (34 words) - 13:25, 9 June 2009
• Syncope
  '''Syncope''' is the deletion of a [[segment]] in a [[word]]. In Dutch [a:k@l@g] -> [a:kl@g] 'nasty'.
  346 bytes (51 words) - 08:33, 16 August 2014
• Hyponymy
  ...a more specific predicate and a more general one. For example, ''dog'' is a hyponym of ''animal'', because all dogs are also animals, but not vice vers A specific type of hyponymy is instantiated by [[taxonomy|taxonomies]].
  482 bytes (71 words) - 12:44, 23 May 2009
• Wh-phrase
  ...as a [[question operator]]. A ''wh''-phrase can be a word, ''what'' in (i)a, or an entire phrase, ''which books on quantum physics'' in (i)b. (i) a What have they bought?
  482 bytes (72 words) - 18:34, 4 September 2014
• Proper noun
  A '''proper noun''' is a noun that is a [[proper name]] (as opposed to a [[common noun]]).
  201 bytes (28 words) - 20:06, 20 July 2014
• Quantificational noun phrase
  ...[A-bar position]], [[binding]] its [[trace]] the way an [[operator]] binds a [[variable]]. ...nd is decomposed into the 'quantifier' ''every x'' and its restriction ''x a girl''.
  820 bytes (135 words) - 18:31, 27 September 2014
• Reciprocal situation
  ...elation between A and B is the same as the semantic relation between B and A.
  393 bytes (54 words) - 08:33, 28 September 2014
• A-binding
  ...inding''' is a [[binding]] relation in which the [[antecedent]] is in an [[A-position]]. *[[A-bar free]]
  316 bytes (41 words) - 08:55, 14 June 2014
• Voiceprint
  ...oice is as individual as fingerprints. Voiceprints can be used to identify a speaker in legal cases (cf. [[forensic phonetics]]). Yet, the spectrographi
  534 bytes (76 words) - 09:35, 31 August 2014
• Polysynthetic language
  ...ge in which a single [[word]] can encode a [[meaning]] which would require a fairly elaborate sentence in many other languages. Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory''. Blackwell: Oxford. <br>
  709 bytes (89 words) - 18:57, 27 September 2014
• Light syllable
  ...onger than a light syllable is called a [[heavy syllable]] (sometimes also a [[superheavy syllable]]). ...llables with a short vowel are also light. In others, syllables closed by a sonorant are heavy, those closed by an obstruent are light. (For details s
  672 bytes (103 words) - 18:40, 12 July 2014
• Taxonomy
  ...other' does not instatiate a taxonymy, as neither a queen nor a mother is 'a type of woman'. * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''
  716 bytes (115 words) - 16:33, 27 July 2014
• Thematic paraphrase
  ...ame [[proposition]] and involves the same [[Theta_role|θ-roles]] as clause A, but uses different [[grammatical function]]s. <glsub of="first" type="a" /> ''The shopkeeper sells a toy dog to Alan.''
  780 bytes (122 words) - 16:52, 27 July 2014
• Closed syllable
  ...sed syllable branches: besides the [[nucleus]] (or peak), it also contains a [[coda]]. The English words ''cat'' [kat], ''mice'' [maɪs], and ''tent''
  607 bytes (88 words) - 18:39, 22 June 2014
• Weather verb
  ...ain'' or ''snow'', which is a predicate either without an argument or with a quasi-argument (cf. ''it rains'').
  458 bytes (61 words) - 18:15, 4 September 2014
• Variable constituent
  A '''variable constituent''' is a constituent of a [[mutable lexeme]] or a [[construction (in neurocognitive linguistics)|construction]]. In "eat <FOOD>", "<FOOD>" is a variable constituent, whose values range over the members of the category <
  549 bytes (70 words) - 06:36, 8 October 2017
• A-GF
  '''A-GF''' is a [[GF]] corresponding to an [[A-position]]. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-GF&lemmacode=1005 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  246 bytes (32 words) - 08:57, 26 May 2013
• Selectional restriction
  ...electional restriction''' is a restriction concerning the relation between a [[predicate]] (or [[predicate term]]) and its argument(s) ([[argument term] ...ssinate'' requires an object that denotes a famous person, i.e. it imposes a selectional restriction to this effect.
  498 bytes (64 words) - 12:38, 26 July 2014
• Feature matrix
  ...ture]]s that characterizes a given set of linguistic units with respect to a finite set of properties. In phonology, a feature matrices are used to specify the [[feature]]s of a sound segment.
  648 bytes (97 words) - 13:55, 14 June 2009
• Structure-preserving Constraint
  ...rinciple which states that a moved constituent may only be substituted for a category of the same type. This principle prevents an NP from being moved to a V-position.
  747 bytes (95 words) - 07:04, 16 August 2014
• A-position
  ...positions. A position which is not an A-position is called an A'-position (A-bar-position). The NPs ''John and apples'' in the sentence ''John eats apples'' are in A-positions (in D-structure).
  858 bytes (116 words) - 08:55, 26 May 2013
• Meronymy
  ...ty and its parts. The whole is also called [[holonym]] and each part of it a [[meronym]]. * ''hand'' is a meronym of ''arm''
  271 bytes (42 words) - 14:09, 14 June 2009
• Syntactic relation
  A '''syntactic relation''' is a relation holding between a [[constituent]] and the clause that it forms part of.
  267 bytes (35 words) - 16:17, 27 July 2014
• A-free
  '''A-free''' refers to anything which is not [[A-bound]], is A-free. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-free&lemmacode=1002 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  258 bytes (34 words) - 08:54, 26 May 2013
• Polar question
  ...n]] that only allows a 'yes' or a 'no' answer. It is most often opposed to a [[content question]], which has to be answered by providing more specific i
  430 bytes (55 words) - 08:29, 1 June 2014
• Declarative sentence
  ...entence''' is a sentence to which a [[truth value]] can be assigned, given a certain situation or circumstance. (i) is a declarative sentence because we can assign it a truth value (e.g., in the actual world sentence (i) is not true).
  630 bytes (89 words) - 03:28, 18 May 2009
• Binarity
  ...arity''' relates to the fact that exactly two [[value]]s are available for a given choice or decision. In decompositional semantics, binarity is a property of a [[feature]]. A feature is said to be binary iff it can take only one of two [[value]]s. Fo
  595 bytes (94 words) - 13:16, 14 June 2009
• Deprepositional
  A '''deprepositional''' [[lexeme]] is a lexeme whose [[base]] is a [[preposition]].
  216 bytes (23 words) - 13:00, 26 May 2013
• Cocktail party effect
  ...aring (using both ears) which helps us to separate interesting sounds from a background of irrelevant noise. In a room where several conversations are taking place, one can focus on one of
  501 bytes (73 words) - 16:01, 3 August 2014
• Tone
  ...s. A high tone is usually indicated with an acute (tá) and a low tone with a grave (tà). ...realized on the same vowel. We distinguish between a rising tone (te) and a falling tone (tà). Contour tones are often analysed as complex tones. See
  944 bytes (152 words) - 18:57, 29 August 2014
• Sentence
  ...non-grammatical entity) results. A sentence is a maximal [[clause]], i.e. a clause that is not part of another clause.
  554 bytes (79 words) - 12:46, 26 July 2014
• Predication
  ...tion is sometimes defined as a coindexing relation between a predicate and a [[c-command]]ing subject, not only in the case of an [[NP]]-[[VP]] relation
  826 bytes (128 words) - 14:56, 14 June 2009
• Segment (in syntax)
  ...ke (i), the category A consists of two segments, the upper A and the lower A. (i) A
  730 bytes (96 words) - 16:30, 5 October 2014
• Geminate
  ...uently represented as a series of two identical consonants, rather than as a single, long consonant. Gemination is a contrastive process in Arabic, Estonian, Finnish, Classical Hebrew, Hungari
  869 bytes (113 words) - 18:32, 20 September 2014
• Marker
  ...e]], and [[affix]], an [[adposition]] that ''marks'' something, i.e. codes a particular grammatical meaning.
  328 bytes (44 words) - 18:09, 21 September 2014
• Mutual situation
  ...as the semantic relation between B and A. The two participants standing in a mutual situation are called [[mutuant]]s (Haspelmath 2008:2088).
  643 bytes (81 words) - 23:13, 7 August 2009
• Lingua franca
  A '''lingua franca''' is a language that is used as a means of communication by people from different language communities. ...cs Uzbekistan, Tajiskistan, Turkmenistan, etc.; and [[English]] is used as a lingua franca for most global international events.
  852 bytes (125 words) - 18:42, 12 July 2014
• Classifier
  The term '''classifier''' is used for a variety of elements whose function can somehow be described as that of assi ...ar'), it must be preceded by a classifier when it occurs with a numeral or a demonstrative.
  789 bytes (108 words) - 18:34, 22 June 2014
• Monophthong
  A '''monophthong''' is a [[vowel]] whose [[vowel quality|quality]] remains constant throughout its p ...alects of American English, so some speakers may not produce this vowel as a monophthong.)
  611 bytes (77 words) - 20:45, 24 July 2010
• Exocentric compound
  ...klutz-major') which does not refer to a major who is clumsy, but merely to a clumsy person. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  1 KB (190 words) - 22:34, 18 December 2013
• Wackernagel's law
  ...law says that a certain class of clitics must be the second constituent of a clause. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
  526 bytes (70 words) - 17:55, 4 September 2014
• Derivative
  A '''derivative''' is a [[lexeme]] that is related to another lexeme by a rule of [[derivation]].
  274 bytes (36 words) - 18:05, 28 June 2014
• A-bar binding
  ...inding''' is a [[binding]] relation in which the [[antecedent]] is in an [[A-bar position]]. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-bar+binding&lemmacode=959 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  296 bytes (40 words) - 08:51, 26 May 2013
• Slip of the tongue
  A '''slip of the tongue''' is the same as a [[speech error]].
  134 bytes (18 words) - 07:35, 3 November 2014
• Affixation
  ...ord-formation process which adds an [[affix]] to a [[base]]. Affixation is a cover term which generalizes over [[prefix]]ation, [[suffix]]ation, [[infix
  417 bytes (54 words) - 09:46, 14 June 2014
• Acceptability judgement
  ...er|native]]) [[speaker]] of a language concerning the [[acceptability]] of a linguistic expression (sentence, form, etc.). ...but this terminological usage is problematic because [[grammaticality]] is a property of the language system and is not directly accessibly to the speak
  592 bytes (73 words) - 17:03, 18 June 2014
• Ditransitive verb
  A '''ditransitive verb''' is a verb that requires two [[object]]s. * ''give'': [John] gave [a book] [to Mary]
  271 bytes (34 words) - 18:25, 28 June 2014
• Variable (Syntax)
  ...r a [[trace]] of [[QR]], which must be [[A-bar bound]] by an [[operator]]. A variable counts as an R-expression with respect to principle C of the [[Bin
  511 bytes (71 words) - 08:59, 30 August 2014
• Family
  ...ages (a '''language family''') is a group of languages that developed from a common historical [[ancestor]]. A language '''isolate''' is a family of one, such as [[Basque]] or [[Sumerian]].
  1 KB (161 words) - 03:57, 5 January 2021
• Deverbal
  A '''deverbal''' [[lexeme]] is a lexeme whose [[base]] is a [[verb]].
  264 bytes (29 words) - 18:11, 28 June 2014
• Stage
  ...efer to stages of the object John and the kind dog, respectively, to which a transient, temporary predicate applies. (i) a John was running
  878 bytes (131 words) - 13:31, 9 June 2009
• Tautology
  ...cate constants that it contains. The formula All(x) [ P(x) v Neg P(x) ] is a tautology of predicate logic.
  946 bytes (151 words) - 07:12, 17 August 2014
• Variable (Semantics)
  ...language]] which is used as a place-holder in a formula. It does not have a specific [[reference]] but stands for an unspecified value. In first order
  691 bytes (99 words) - 08:58, 30 August 2014
• Predicate term
  ...rm''' is an expression denoting a given predicate. For example, ''man'' is a predicate term denoting the [[predicate]] <span style="font-variant: small-
  254 bytes (33 words) - 19:13, 20 July 2014
• Sister
  ...ff]] there is a node C (their [[mother]]) which immediately dominates both A and B.
  349 bytes (50 words) - 07:28, 3 November 2014
• Hyponym
  A predicate ''P'' is a '''hyponym''' of another predicate ''Q'' iff ''P'' is a special case of ''Q'': The term 'hyponym' is a [[converse]] of the term '[[hyperonym]]'.
  408 bytes (72 words) - 20:30, 3 July 2014
• Sound change
  '''Sound change''' is a kind of [[language change]] concerning the phonological system (including p If a sound change is a general phenomenon, it is called a [[sound law]] or a [[phonetical rule]]. Exceptions to the law or rule can normally be explaine
  778 bytes (111 words) - 14:57, 27 July 2014
• Case Assignment Conditions
  A noun or pronoun expression is assigned case by the closest case-assigner wh ...(e.g a transitive verb like meet, or a transitive preposition like with or a transitive complementiser like for or for)<br>
  588 bytes (90 words) - 17:35, 16 August 2021
• Tenuis
  ...less, unaspirated series of Greek plosives, ''π τ κ''. It may be useful as a more precise alternative when terms such as 'voiceless', 'unaspirated' and
  677 bytes (101 words) - 05:15, 6 March 2019
• Tree of numbers
  ...h is represented by an ordered pair x,y where x = |A intersect B| and y = |A - B|. ...ete representation of all these pairs of numbers for each possible size of A:
  2 KB (238 words) - 07:35, 30 August 2014
• Animacy
  ...uch as choice of pronoun (what/who), case endings, word order, or the form a verb takes when it is associated with that noun.
  419 bytes (71 words) - 17:14, 15 June 2014
• Tier conflation
  '''Tier Conflation''' is a process by which multilinear representations are linearized. For the [[Arab a
  807 bytes (102 words) - 09:44, 17 August 2014
• Open syllable
  ...ins the [[nucleus]] (or, alternatively, peak). The English words ''eye'' [aɪ], ''go'' [goʊ], and ''schwa'' [ʃwɑː] exemplify open syllables. all syllables in the English name ''A-me-ri-ca'' are open.
  857 bytes (131 words) - 17:07, 18 July 2014
• A-bar movement
  ...As is well known, unbounded dependencies are a characteristic property of A ′-movement （Huang et al., 2009). ...generally limited within the minimal domain containing a subject, whereas A ′ -movement allows long-distance operations.
  1 KB (182 words) - 02:47, 31 July 2021
• Minimal word constraint
  ...ble with a long vowel (like ''eye'' [aɪ], ''go'' [goʊ], ''far'' [fɑː]), or a [[closed syllable]] (like ''cat'' [kat], ''ate'' [&#x025B;t], ''met'' [m&#x ...a minimal word constraint: accordingly French lexical words may consist of a single light syllable: ''eau'' [o] `water', feu [f&oslash;] `fire', etc.
  873 bytes (140 words) - 16:16, 13 July 2014
• Propositional formula
  ...is a [[well-formed]] expression of [[propositional logic]]. What counts as a propositional formula is defined by the syntax of propositional logic: (i) a propositional letters in the vocabulary of L are formulas in L
  953 bytes (160 words) - 19:13, 27 September 2014
• Shape component
  '''Shape Component''' is a component in the [[grammar]] proposed in the work of [[Arnold Zwicky]]. Thi ...he English ''a/an'' allomorphs (''a book'' vs. ''an apple'') is handled by a Shape Condition.
  759 bytes (104 words) - 19:11, 28 October 2014
• Adverb
  '''Adverb''' refers a word which modifies a [[verb]], an [[adjective]] or another adverb. ...[[phrase]] in the sense of [[X-bar-theory]]. Since adverbs never occur as a [[complement]], they are treated as [[adjunct]]s.
  747 bytes (106 words) - 08:00, 1 February 2010
• Low vowel
  ...gy]], a '''low vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the bottom of the [[oral cavity]] and lower than [[mid vowel *Low: [æ], [a], [ɐ], [ɑ], [ɒ]
  445 bytes (67 words) - 19:58, 24 July 2010
• Accent
  ...nt in an [[utterance]] is more prominent than others. Normally, apart from a pitch change, accent is also accompanied by increased duration and increase ''He bought a BOOK.''
  601 bytes (89 words) - 17:53, 12 June 2014
• Detachment
  ...nerally separated by an [[intonation break]] and by [[comma]]s in writing. A widely discussed subtype of detachment is [[dislocation]]. In dislocation, there has to be a [[resumptive pronoun]] referring to the dislocated constituent, but this is
  732 bytes (97 words) - 18:07, 28 June 2014
• Theta criterion
  ...neficiary); each thematic role associated with a theta-assigner (typically a verb) must be assigned to one and only one argument.
  358 bytes (53 words) - 08:56, 26 May 2013
• Homonymy
  ...ch word ''bank'' is homonymous, since it can refer to (a) a couch, and (b) a bank. Equivalent to [[ambiguity]]. The English word ''right'' is also homonymous, meaning (a) correct, or (b) the opposite of 'left''.
  547 bytes (79 words) - 22:28, 27 July 2010
• Verb second
  ...n. If a language has verb second as a characteristic property it is called a verb second language. ...utch]] (i)a and the [[English]] (i)b shows that Dutch, but not English, is a verb second language.
  899 bytes (140 words) - 08:38, 31 August 2014
• Vowel reduction
  ...owel reduction''' is a process in which an unstressed [[vowel]] reduces to a [[schwa]]. * Booij, G. E. 1977. ''Dutch Morphology: A Study of Word Formation in Generative Grammar,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  624 bytes (85 words) - 10:44, 31 August 2014
• Pulse train
  ...ll amount of energy, and since there are many harmonics, each harmonic has a low [[amplitude]].
  442 bytes (64 words) - 19:17, 27 September 2014
• Reciprocal construction
  ...denote such a situation. A reciprocal construction is also said to express a [[reciprocal event]].
  1 KB (215 words) - 17:35, 24 July 2014
• Hesitation marker
  A '''hesitation marker''' is a linguistic form that appears in environments in which speakers have difficu *Hayashi, Makoto & Yoon, Kyung-eun. 2006. A cross-linguistic exploration of demonstratives in interaction. ''Studies in
  448 bytes (49 words) - 20:19, 3 July 2014
• Absolute
  ...predicate is said to be 'absolute' if it can be interpreted without taking a complement. The term 'absolute' contrasts with [[relational]].
  353 bytes (48 words) - 17:01, 18 June 2014
• Clausal complement
  A '''clausal complement''' is the same as a [[complement clause]]. ...the fact that it is a [[clause]] is more salient than the fact that it is a [[complement]].
  344 bytes (49 words) - 17:12, 20 September 2014
• Subtractive morphology
  ...e situation where the semantically more complex category is represented by a phonologically simpler form. The genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns in ''-a/-o'' in Russian (''kniga'' 'book', ''mesto'' 'place') are formed without an
  697 bytes (88 words) - 08:08, 16 August 2014
• Term (in logic)
  In formal logic, the term '''term''' is used as a cover term for [[individual expression]]s and [[predicate (in logic)|predic The term ''term'' is also used in a technical sense to denote
  418 bytes (61 words) - 16:34, 27 July 2014
• Definite article
  A '''definite article''' is a morpheme which accompanies nouns and which codes [[definiteness]] or [[spec
  239 bytes (29 words) - 17:28, 27 June 2014
• Exponent
  ...ly Distributed Morphology, ''exponent'' refers to the phonological form of a vocabulary item inserted at the spell-out stage.
  179 bytes (26 words) - 12:51, 13 October 2021
• Iamb
  ...mb''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[weak syllable]] followed by a [[strong syllable]]. ...ong pattern of an iamb is often contrasted with the strong-weak pattern of a [[trochee]].
  616 bytes (84 words) - 20:50, 3 July 2014
• Expressive meaning
  ...which concerns a speakers emotional attitude towards the [[denotation]] of a given sign.
  200 bytes (26 words) - 13:48, 14 June 2009
• Theme vowel
  ...er]] which indicates which is the declensional or conjugational class that a [[word]] belongs to. ...clension the root is followed by -''o''-: ''môus+a+n'' (acc.sg.), ''môus+a+y'' (nom.pl.) 'Muse', ''log+o+n'' (acc.sg.), ''log+o+y'' (nom.pl.) 'word'.
  946 bytes (137 words) - 09:15, 17 August 2014
• Iconicity
  ...of [[sign]]s or systems of signs. A sign is said to be iconic if there is a direct association between its meaning and its form. In linguistics, the te
  351 bytes (54 words) - 20:50, 3 July 2014
• Hyperonym
  ...' is said two be a '''hyperonym''' of another predicate ''Q'' iff ''Q'' is a special case of ''P'': :For any pair of predicates P,Q:<br> P is a hyperonym of Q iff<br>for all x,<br>Q(x) &rarr;P(x)<br>and<br>not (P(x) &ra
  467 bytes (81 words) - 20:29, 3 July 2014
• Residue pitch
  ...undamental component]], but that component does not have to be present for a residue pitch to be heard.
  609 bytes (93 words) - 17:38, 28 September 2014
• Specific reading
  ...ls the existence of unicorns in the domain of discourse. ''A unicorn'' has a nonspecific reading when John is looking for an arbitrary unicorn. This doe
  986 bytes (148 words) - 07:47, 4 November 2014
• Presupposition
  ...hat is usually called the [[focus]]. If we see a sentence as the answer to a question, then the presupposition is the information that was already part A: John '''is taking care of Mary'''
  1 KB (241 words) - 19:05, 27 September 2014
• Slit tongue
  .../, /th/). These contrast with [[grooved tongue|grooved]] fricatives, where a hollowing of the [[tongue]] is involved (/s/, /sh/).
  460 bytes (66 words) - 07:37, 3 November 2014
• Mixed category
  In syntax, a '''mixed category''' is a construction which combines the syntactic and morphological ...s of two distinct categories, such as noun and verb, while being headed by a single word.
  408 bytes (52 words) - 16:18, 13 July 2014
• Concatenation (in phonetics)
  ...m '''concatenation''' refers units of speech that are concatenated to form a string. ...instance, a range of sentences can be formed by pasting different words in a row. [[Diphone]]s can be concatenated to form words.
  559 bytes (76 words) - 21:29, 20 December 2016
• Emotive meaning
  ...ich concerns a speaker's emotional attitiude towards the [[denotation]] of a given sign.
  184 bytes (25 words) - 19:03, 28 June 2014
• Content question
  ...questions contrast primarily with [[polar questions]], which just ask for a 'yes' or 'no' answer.
  438 bytes (55 words) - 16:35, 27 June 2014
• Predicate
  ...f) [[argument]](s) in a [[predication]]. Constituents with the function of a predicate are called [[predicate terms]]. However, the distinction between ...nt-variant: small-caps;">like</span> takes a pair of entities (rather than a single entity) which functions as an argument of that predicate.
  2 KB (270 words) - 14:54, 14 June 2009
• High vowel
  ...y]], a '''high vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level close to the top of the [[oral cavity]], and above the position used
  354 bytes (48 words) - 20:20, 3 July 2014
• Theta-government
  '''Theta-government''' is the configuration in which a [[governor]] [[theta-marking|theta-marks]] the phrase that it governs, form (i) a theta-governs b iff a governs b and a theta-marks b
  665 bytes (78 words) - 09:33, 17 August 2014
• Speech act
  A '''speech act''' is a what a [[speaker]] does in [[utterance|uttering]] a [[sentence]]. ...ve something). The last type of act is linguistically not relevant. Within a truth-conditional approach, only the locutionary act is seen to be relevant
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• Transitive verb
  ...erb that takes at least one object. Depending on the exact number of verbs a distinction is made between [[monotransitive]] (one object) verbs and [[dit
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• Descriptive adequacy
  ...of [[:category:linguistic theories|linguistic theories]]. A theory attains a higher level of descriptive adequacy if it can handle more natural language The assessment of a theory's descriptive adequacy obviously is closely related to what counts a
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• ABX discrimination
  ...d is the focus. The first two stimuli (A and B) are standard, S1 and S2 in a randomly chosen order, and the subjects’ task is to choose which of the t Macmillan, N.A. & C.D. Creelman. 1991. ''Detection Theory: A User’s Guide.'' New York: Cambridge University Press.
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• Vacuous quantification
  ...the variable is not in the [[scope]] of that quantifier (cf. All(x) in (i)a), or because there is another quantifier already binding the variable (cf. (i) a All(x) [ P(j) ] &amp; Q(x)
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• Leftness condition
  ...msky]] (1976) which states that a [[pronoun]] cannot be [[coindexed]] with a [[variable]] to its right. See [[Weak crossover]]. ..., Projet sur les langues kru: Premier rapport, pp.176-202, Univ. du Quebec a Montreal
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• Trace
  ...the location in a sentence or syntactic [[tree structure|tree]] from which a [[lexical item]] has been moved. From the original structure, [[wh-movement]] creates a trace where ''John'' used to be.
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• Illocutionary force
  ...etc. This term should not be confused with [[illocutionary act]], which is a [[speech act]], expressing the intention of the speaker. ...is an illocutionary act of a request: it would be improper to answer with a simple 'yes'.
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• Abstract noun
  ...non-material, non-perceptible entity. The opposite of an abstract noun is a [[concrete noun]].
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• Word boundary
  In [[generative phonology]], a '''word boundary''' is a [[boundary]] indicated with the symbol #.
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• Argument term
  ...term''' is a constituent denoting an [[argument]]. In syntactic research, a distinction between 'argument terms' and 'arguments' is rarely made.
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• Segment (in phonology)
  ...ound element that can be isolated in the chain of speech, corresponding to a letter in alphabetic representation of speech.
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• Subject Restriction
  ...ubject (or external argument) of a verb cannot function as the non-head in a [[synthetic compound]]. * Roeper, T. and D. Siegel 1978. ''A Lexical Transformation for Verbal Compounds,'' Linguistic Inquiry 9, pp. 19
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• Role-dominated and reference-dominated languages
  A language is said to be '''role-dominated''' if contrasts between basic [[se ...role-dominated language is Archi (Nakh-Daghestanian). A typical example of a reference-dominated language is English.
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• Logonection
  A '''logonection''' in [[neurocognitive linguistics]] is a lexical nection.
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• Sentence topic vs. discourse topic
  ...''', i.e. what a sentence is about, and a '''discourse topic''', i.e. what a discourse is about. ...want to leave, but he couldn't afford the rent, you know. And it had such a nice garden in the back!''
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• Ngram frequency
  ...is considered to be a measure of orthographic regularity and normally has a negative correlation with response times in psycho-linguistic experiments. ...le of 'space' characters, to give the first and last character in the word a special status. The word 'dog' will then become '_dog_' and now contains 4
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• Redundancy
  ...ion about the surrounding segments and may provide a clue to perception of a segment th at is not heard directly. In other words, more information is pr
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• Shimmer
  ...he mean amplitude may be expected in a sustained [[phonation]] produced by a normal speaker.
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• Activity
  '''Activity''' is a type of situation (or state of affairs) which is [[durative]] and [[atelic] * ''He was '''taking a walk''' ''.
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• Tier
  '''Tier''' is a level of representation where particular information is decoded. ...tier where the [[inflection]]al [[morpheme]] ''a'' is represented, and (c) a tier where the binyam I information CVCVC is decoded (= CV tier). Another t
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• Umlaut
  ...owels or diphthongs are fronted due to (a) a following front vowel, or (b) a specific morpheme or morphological class. A well-known example is [[German]] umlaut. Plural nouns can be formed in seve
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• Wh-trace
  ...]). Since ''wh''-movement is [[A-bar movement]], a ''wh''-trace behaves as a [[variable]] and is subject to Principle C of the [[binding theory]].
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• Semantic mirage
  ...ics]] is any semantic relationship between lexical and conceptual units in a cognitive system that leads to projections onto the world of properties tha *''The One-Lexeme-One-Thing Fallacy''. The assumption that a [[lexeme (in neurocognitive linguistics)|lexeme]] stands for just one thing
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• Result nominal
  A '''result nominal''' is a [[nominal]] which denotes the result of the action denoted by the [[verb]] In (i)a ''the collection'' refers to an entity which is the result of collecting th
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• Upward monotonicity
  ...ght upward monotone (or ''right monotone increasing'') if D(A,B) implies D(A,B'), where B subset B'.
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• Semitone scale
  ...ithmic way (instead of in a linear way), the logarithmic semitone scale is a more appropriate measure of the perceptual consequences of differences in f
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• Borrowing
  * The [[adoption]] of elements from a foreign language into one's native language; see [[borrowing (i.e. adoption ...uage, or the [[retention]] of elements of one's native language when using a foreign language; see [[borrowing (i.e. copying)]].
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• Relational network theory
  ...lation from both conceptual and phonemic nodes. Information is accessed in a bi-directional and stratum-independent manner. * Chow, Ian C. Automating the Importation of Lexical Information into a Relational Network.
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• Foreignism
  ...ism can be said to be intermediate between an established loanword and and a [[singly occurring codeswitch]], although the term ''foreignism'' tends to
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• Theta-absorption
  ...tion''' is a some morpho-syntactic elements have the capacity of absorbing a [[theta-role]] assigned by the [[verb]] (stem) to which they are attached, ...ive]] morphology is an example, and [[clitic]]s have been argued to absorb a theta-role as well.
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• Theta-position
  '''Theta-position''' is an [[A-position]] to which a [[theta-role]] is assigned. ...''. Therefore, the matrix subject position, although an A-position, is not a theta-position.
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• Kontrarietät
  ...chen Sinn genau dann konträr, wenn gilt: wenn A wahr ist, ist B falsch bzw A impliziert Nicht-B. *(A) Manfred ist immer der Erste. (B) Manfred ist immer der Letzte.
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• Tactic connector
  ...nects with the [[realization|realizational]] lines. Notated as a diamond, a small rotated square, which corresponds to the term, ''diamond node'', by w * A noun meaning the hole in the ground with water at the bottom.
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• Mid vowel
  ...gy]], a '''mid vowel''' is a [[vowel]] that is produced with the tongue at a level intermediate between [[high vowel|high]] and [[low vowel|low]] vowels
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• Comment
  A statement that is made about a [[topic]] is the '''comment'''.
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• Relative tense
  A '''relative tense''' is a tenporal category that locates a situation (or a [[topic time]]) relative to some other situation (or [[topic time]]).
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• Minimal pair
  ...een extended to [[syntax]] to describe sentences or clauses that differ in a single word or branching structure.
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• Transitive
  '''Transitive verb''' is a [[verb]] which has to be accompanied by a direct object. An example is the English verb ''hit'' which must be accompanied by a direct object (*''he hits'' vs. ''he hits the ball'').
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• Small clause
  '''Small Clause''' is [[subject]]-[[predicate]] construction without a [[finite verb]]. (ii) They consider [_NP him a fine teacher]
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• Polytextuality
  '''Polytextuality''' is a measure of the degree of independence of a linguistic unit from its context (or co-text). ...quency", which might be considered as a rather misleading term). The P. of a morpheme might be measured in terms of the number of different words it occ
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• Instrument
  ...ntic relation]]. It is used for an inanimate entity with the help of which a given action is carried out.
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• Symbol
  A '''symbol''' is a sign whose meaning is not associated with its form, i.e. an arbitrary sign.
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• Truth value
  ...oposition is true, relative to a [[model]], i.e., an assignment of values (a valuation) to the basic expressions that constitute the proposition.
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• A-bar free
  Anything which is not [[A-bar bound]] is '''A-bar free'''. [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=A-bar+free&lemmacode=962 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
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• Stop
  A '''stop''' is a [[manner of articulation]], a [[consonant]] where air is held back when uttering it. In a more precise phonetic terminology, stops also include noncontinuant nasals,
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• Wh-question
  ...[[wh-phrase:]] ''what have they bought''? Otherwise, a question containing a [[wh-element|''wh''-element]]. Distinguished from [[yes-no question]].
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• Diphthong
  A '''diphthong''' is a [[vowel]] whose [[vowel quality|quality]] changes significantly in one dire ...essing toward a single target, as it were, then the sound is classified as a '''diphthong'''."'' (Laver 1994:146)
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• Denominal
  A '''denominal''' [[lexeme]] is a lexeme whose [[base]] is a [[noun]].
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• Bandwidth
  ...dth''' is a term used to refer to a range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a bandpass filter is often defined as the difference between the two frequenc
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• Suppletion
  ...the addition of a semantic aspect or grammatical function is expressed by a totally or partially different morpheme which has little or no phonological * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Theme (semantic role)
  ''the glass'' is a theme both in (i)a (location) and (i)b (relocation). (i) a The glass is on the table
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• Disjunctive ordering
  ...e B may not be applied to the output of rule A, even if the output of rule A satisfies the structural description of rule B. See also parenthesis notati rule (a) and (b) are two rules among the stress rules of English:
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• Generative grammar
  ...refers to a grammatical [[framework]] developed since the 1950s by [[Noam A. Chomsky]].
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• Righthand head rule
  ...ciple proposed in Williams (1981a) which says that the righthand member of a morphologically [[complex word]] is the [[head]] of that word. This entails (i) off_P + white_A -&gt; off white_A
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• MultiTree
  ...tiTree''' is a project being undertaken by the [[LINGUIST List]] to create a digital library of scholarly hypotheses about language relationships and su
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• Word-form
  ...to the element written between two spaces in many orthographies. There is a large literature about the definition of the word-form, which is difficult This term is probably a translation of Russian ''slovoforma''.
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• Speech sound
  ...ch sound''' is a unit of speech that may or may not directly correspond to a [[phoneme]]. Speech sounds that are not phonemes may occur in [[speech diso
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• Relative pronoun
  ...pronoun''' is a [[pronoun]] such as ''who, which, where'' etc. introducing a [[relative clause]].
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• Prepositional phrase
  A '''prepositional phrase''' is an [[adpositional phrase]] whose [[head]] is a [[preposition]].
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• Remnant
  A '''remnant''' is a [[constituent]] out of which something has been [[move]]d.
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• Natural class
  In [[phonology]], a '''natural class''' of segments is a set of [[segment]]s that behave in the same way with respect to some phonol
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• Transfer (morphology)
  ...s assumes that a reduplication [[morpheme]] is not prefixed or suffixed to a [[base]], but simply parafixed: the CV skeleton of the base and the [[affix * McCarthy, J. and A. Prince 1986. ''Prosodic Morphology,'' ms. Univ. of Massachusetts, Brandeis
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• Descriptive meaning
  ...n-descriptive meaning]], which concerns attitudes held by speakers towards a given denotation (e.g. [[emotive meaning]], [[social meaning]]). * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''
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• Word-based morphology
  ...ocesses, since the base ''ceive'' is not an existing word which belongs to a major lexical category. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Tarski's truth definition
  ...truth definition''' is a definition which formalizes the relation between a [[sentence]] and its [[truth value]]. The definition formalizes what Wittge to understand a proposition means to know what is the case if it is true.
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• Base (in morphology)
  ..., a '''base''' is a bigger unit to which an [[affix]] attaches or to which a [[morphological process]] applies. ...re' meaning of a word. The term ''stem'' will be reserved for that part of a word to which inflectional affixes are added, and ''base'' for that part to
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• Uniqueness
  ...iqueness should be treated as part of the assertion (as Russell did) or as a presupposition (as Strawson proposed).
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• Line (in relational network theory)
  In the notations used by [[relational network theory]], a '''line''' connects [[node (in neurocognitive linguistics)|nodes]]. Lines ...nuous connection to a strong one. Like a pathway going through a field or a jungle, the more it gets used, the easier it is to use the next time.
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• Threshold node
  ...d of intermediate value; for example, a node with three incoming lines and a threshold of 2 will be satisfied if any two of the incoming lines are activ * In [[compact relational network notation|compact notation]] a node is either satisfied or not by incoming activation (hence the threshold
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• Morphemic Tier Hypothesis
  ...every [[morpheme]] making up a [[word]] is assigned a separate tier, i.e., a separate and autonomous level of representation. This hypothesis is mainly ...tier, association of these morphemes to the template CVCVC would result in a violation of the No-Crossing Constraint, as is shown in (i). By representin
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• Tense vowel
  ...are produced with a [[tongue]] body or tongue root configuration involving a greater constriction than that found in their [[lax]] counterparts; this gr
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• Lexeme (i.e. set of word-forms)
  ...listed in the lexicon, a lexeme in this sense is a [[lexical item]], while a word-form is not (normally). :::*''"a lexeme is a (potential o actual) member of a major lexical category, having both form and meaning but being neither, and
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• Logical form
  ...ion with ''grammatical'' form, the idea being that the grammatical form of a sentence is often misleading with respect to its logical properties, for ex In [[generative syntax]], it is a distinct, structural level of representation, usually abbreviated as LF (se
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• Sibilant
  A '''sibilant''' is a [[fricative]] speech [[sound]] with high [[frequency]] (/s, sh/ and their [
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• Tautosyllabic
  '''Tautosyllabic''' is a [[consonant]] belonging to the same [[syllable]]. In the English word ''contact'' the first ''t'' is tautosyllabic with ''a'' but not with ''n''.
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• Tactics
  ...nal syntax, but instead of there being one tactics for the whole language, a separate tactics is believed to exist on each stratum.
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• Subject
  ...is made. The subject agrees with the verb in numerus and genus (only with a finite active verb; in passive constructions the subject does not have to a The subject is one of the two main constituents of a sentence, the other one is the predicate.
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• Speech error
  A '''speech error''' is a non-canonical aspect of an [[utterance]] that was not intended by the [[spe # '''[[anticipation]]s''': 'a leading list' (for 'a reading list')
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• Subject control verb
  ...the [[PRO]] subject of its infinitival [[complement]], the verb is called a '''subject control verb'''. ''promise'' in (i)a is a subject control verb (PRO must be coreferential with ''John''), but the ver
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• Though-movement
  Though-movement derives (i)b from (i)a. (i) a Though I think she is pretty, I don't like her.
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• Complementary
  ...ir of predicates <''P'', ''Q''> that fulfills the following conditions: If a referent ''x'' has property ''P'', it cannot have property ''Q'', and if '' Complementarity is a special case of [[incompatibility]].
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• Syllabary
  A group of symbols representing [[syllable]]s of a spoken language and used to write that language, e.g. the [[Japanese]] '[[k ...articulatory routines are stored in the mental syllabary. The advantage of a mental syllabary is that the computational load of the articulatory program
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• Sonorant
  ...logical feature]] which characterizes [[sound]]s that are produced in such a way that the [[vocal cords]] vibrate spontaneously (i.e. [[vowel]]s, [[glid
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• McGurk effect
  ...hen a subject's perception of a speech sound is influenced by the sight of a different sound being produced.
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• L-marking
  ...f a [[barrier]]. Roughly, a category is L-marked iff it is theta-marked by a lexical head. (i) John fixed the car in a stupid way
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• Polysemy
  '''Polysemy''' is the phenomenon that a [[word]] acquires new usages which, over time, are likely to become more li ...are closely related to each other. The [[ambiguity]] of ''church'' (either a building or an institution) is an instance of polysemy.
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• Generative linguistics
  ...f language|structural-functional theories of language]]; its members share a belief in [[mentalism]] as well as in the [[autonomy of syntax]]. ...a formalised algorithm to "generate" linguistic structures. In that sense, a number of functionalist theories can also be considered generative, in part
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• Deadjectival
  A '''deadjectival''' [[lexeme]] is a lexeme whose [[base]] is an [[adjective]].
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• Allomorphy
  ...ext in which it appears. In another type of allomorphy, the realization of a [[morpheme]] is conditioned by the presence of another [[morpheme]]. (a) /s/ after nouns ending in a voiceless consonant (''cats'' /kats/),
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• Einbettung
  (a) eine Bezeichnung für die syntaktische Relation zwischen einem Satz, der i ''N → A + N''
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• Non-descriptive meaning
  ...f meaning which does not concern the denotation of a given expression, but a speaker's attitude towards the denotation ([[emotive meaning]]) or also rel
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• Innovative
  An '''innovative''' descendant of a language is one that is dissimilar to it, compared to its other descendants ...be said to be ''innovative'' in one respect but not another; for example, a language might be innovative in its verb morphology, but not in its case-ma
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• Tone stability
  ...ight. This specification is found on a neighboring segment, often creating a [[contour tone]]. ...ehind the low tone. This low tone settles on the remaining vowel and forms a contour tone with the original tone of the second vowel.
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• Propositional letters
  ...letter from the range {p, q, r or a p with primes (p',p'',...) represents a single proposition. The propositional formulas of propositional logic are b
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• Tagger
  ...symbolic labels (''tags'') to linguistics units. The labels are taken from a predefined set of symbols (the so-called ''tag-set''). ...ing]]), and sometimes identifying the structure of a text is considered as a kind of tagging ([[discourse structure tagging]]).
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• Well-formedness condition
  ...way the [[CV skeleton]] has to be associated with the [[melody tier]]. In a simplified form the WFC says that (a) Every CV skeletal slot must be associated with at least
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• Velar
  A '''velar''' is a sound or a [[place of articulation]] where the [[passive articulator]] is the [[velum] It is produced with a constriction formed by raising the back of the tongue (=dorsum) towards the
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• Inceptive aspect
  '''Inceptive aspect''' is a term for a grammatical form that depicts the beginning of an action or situation.
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• Zero crossing
  ...he description of a [[sound wave]], the point at which the displacement of a vibrating particle is [[Zero (Phonetics)|zero]] (the rest position).
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• Recoverability of deletion
  ...f it is fully determined by a structurally related [[phrase]], or if it is a 'designated element'. Part of the recoverability condition is subsumed unde
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• Semantic interpretation
  ...[semantic representation]] or in terms of values in a model. When taken as a result nominal, the term 'semantic interpretation' is used [[synonym]]ously
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• Affective (context)
  The term '''affective''' was used by Klima (1964) as denoting a property ('feature') of constituents that license [[Negative polarity item] ...d to as ''Affect''(''ive''). Any ''Quant''(''ifier'') in construction with a constituent that contains the feature ''Affect''(''ive'') may ultimately ap
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• Direct object
  The '''direct object''' is a [[grammatical relation]] borne by the most [[patient]]-like argument (the [ ...ject]], a term that is generally used for a [[recipient]]-like argument of a [[ditransitive]] clause.
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• Syntactic complexity
  ...[[synergetic linguistics]], it is also connected with [[position]] (within a mother constituent) and [[length]] (measured in terms of the number of term This dependency models a hypothesis which is a modified version of Hawkins' Early Immediate Constituent principle.
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• Reanalysis (in diachrony)
  ...teners, analysis is [[overt]], and provides the demonstrable evidence that a reanalysis has occurred. [[Grammaticalization]] always involves reanalysis
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• Underspecification
  ...is] at the beginning of a syllable; the non-aspiration is a consequence of a universal rule which inserts [-spread glottis] in all other contexts. See [
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• Von Kempelen talking machine
  ...generated. Bellows were used to expel air and this air was passed through a vibrating reed. ...ed sounds were produced with the reed off, and by a turbulent flow through a suitable passage. Von Kempelen claimed that, apart from the vowel sounds, a
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• Crash
  In Generative Syntax, '''crash''' is a notion in the [[Minimalist Program]]. A [[derivation]] crashes if it does not [[converge]].
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• Free
  The adjective '''free''' is used as a technical term or a component of a technical term in several ways:
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• Superstratum
  ...i.e. Gaulish influenced French but its speakers were not dominant), it has a Frankish superstratum (because the Frankish speakers dominated France for c
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• Ideogram
  ...dies of writing systems, an '''ideogram''' is a character which stands for a concept.
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• Allomorph
  When a particular [[morpheme]] is not represented everywhere by the same [[morph]] (i) if the noun stem ends in a voiceless consonant, the allomorph used is [s], as in ''kicks'' [kɪks];
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• Imperative
  An '''imperative''' is a sentence type expressing an order or a request: Imperatives typically lack an overt subject in English, but a subject may appear in German and Dutch imperatives:
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• Vocoder
  ...of vocoder is called a channel vocoder, because its operation is based on a bank of filter channels.
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• Minimal sign
  ...tique générale''. A minimal [[sign]] is the minimal [[meaningful unit]] of a language where the relation between (phonetic) [[form]] and [[meaning]] is
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• Reanalysis
  *a kind of diachronic change, see [[Reanalysis (in diachrony)]] *a kind of syntactic operation in generative syntax, cf. [[Reanalysis (in gene
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• Sonority
  ...to the [[loudness]] (audibility) and propensity for spontaneous voicing of a [[sound]] relative to that of other sounds with the same length.
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• Strong verb
  ...stem [[allomorphy]] or [[ablaut]], that is, by a change of the stem vowel, a change of the stem consonants, or both.
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• Relative clause
  ...the referent of the phrase plays a [[semantic role]]. It is introduced by a [[relative pronoun]] and which modifies its [[NP]] [[antecedent]]. ...e relative pronoun. Movement of the relative pronoun is usually treated on a par with [[wh-movement]].
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• Realizational formula
  ...scription, realization formulae are not necessarily ordered. For example, a pair of formulae may be allowed to operate simultaneously, or they may be a A "chameleon vowel" (/E/) is realized as the vowel (V₁) identical
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• Adjectival
  An '''adjective''' is a member of a [[word class]] whose members most typically express properties. ...attached (noun)'. (In the earlier grammatical terminology, adjectives were a subclass of noun; see [[noun (Latin nomen)]].)
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• Wizard of Oz
  ...computer speech dialogues would look like when implemented and running at a stage where these systems are still at the planning stage.
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• Allophone
  An allophone is a conditioned realisation of the same [[phoneme]]. Allophones can be [[comple ...ffect the phonological [[perceptual boundary]]. Kazanina et al. (2006) did a study on [[Russian]] and [[Korean]] speakers' perception of [t] and [d].
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• Spectrum
  ...tude]] versus [[frequency]] plot of the simple [[sine wave]] components of a complex wave. Also called '''power spectrum'''.
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• Stem
  ...term which is commonly used for the uninflected part of a word. A stem is a morphological constituent to which [[affix]]es may be attached or to which :::*''"A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be a
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• Word formation rule
  ...are necessary in theories which assume that the [[lexicon]] only contains a set of underived words, and that complex words are derived from these liste * Halle, M. 1973. ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Word-Formation,'' Linguistic Inquiry 4, pp. 451-464
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• Variety (Semantics)
  ...true sentence. A determiner has the property of variety if and only if in a domain of entities E condition (i) holds. Assuming that ''at least n'' N, for instance, is not defined in a model where the cardinality of N is lower than n, all [[simple determiner]]
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• Zero element
  ...Impulses moving to a zero element disappear; and an impulse may move from a zero element to the connecting line at any time. [[File:zero-element.jpg|300px|thumb|left|A fragment of English lexotactics, showing four examples of the zero element.
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• Mapping Principle (in morphology)
  In morphology, the '''Mapping Principle''' is a principle proposed by Sproat (1985) to relate the phono-morphological and t ...Furthermore, at the phono-morphological level hierarchical structure plays a relatively small role. Instead, strict adjacency tends to be much more rele
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• Loan
  A '''loan''' is a linguistic item that is copied from one language into another. Unlike [[non
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• Deponency
  ...ently been used for a mismatch between the expected and actual function of a morphological form or paradigm. ...Lezgian, the future tense marker ''-da'' has a present tense meaning with a few verbs.
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• Free form
  In morphosyntax, a '''free form''' is a form that may occur on its own and is not dependent on another neighbouring
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• Complementarity
  ...rlap, i.e. they have no element in common. In linguistics, it is used with a variety of more specific meanings: * In lexical semantics, complementarity is a [[sense relation]] that holds between predicates whose denotations do not o
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• Theta Criterion
  ...each theta-position is in a unique [[chain]], and that each chain contains a unique theta-position. (i) a it seems that John is ill
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• Properness
  ...ecause it only lets through those VP denotations that together with Q make a true sentence.
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• Concatenation (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...concatenation element can fail. Imagine an AND node with an incoming line A above it, and two outgoing lines, B and C, below it. # '''Infallible''':&nbsp;The first possibility is simply that if incoming A is to be realized, the concatenation will never fail. This possibility is c
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• Stray adjunction
  '''Stray adjunction''' is a universal convention by which [[extrametrical]] units are incorporated into ...tion, the extrametrical syllable is incorporated into the adjacent foot as a weak member by stray adjunction.
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• Mutable lexeme
  A '''mutable lexeme''' is a complex [[lexeme (in neurocognitive linguistics)|lexeme]] with one or more ...r of all meteors", which was used by the ''New York Times'' when reporting a spectacular meteor seen over the Eastern United States.
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• Singaporean English
  ...e traced back to Singapore's colonial history, which recognized English as a key tool for economic and social progress. ...it needs more work to be officially recognized. The education system plays a big role in this.
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• Pied piping
  ...hen a [[wh-phrase|''wh''-phrase]] is moved, it can optionally 'drag along' a larger [[NP]] or [[PP]] in which it is contained. (i) a This is the book [_NP which] I have designed [_NP the
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• Compositionality
  ...lex forms, i.e. forms made up of more than one atomic unit. The meaning of a complex form is said to be '(fully) compositional' iff it can be derived in
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• Subcategorization
  ...V) in terms of the phrasal categories (NP, PP, etc.) which they select as a [[complement]]. Sometimes strict subcategorization is equated with [[c-sele ...t NP contrary to intransitive verbs. We can say that transitive verbs form a subcategory of the category of verbs, by virtue of the fact that they must
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• Speechreading
  ...ntire face (mouth, tongue, teeth, jaw, eyebrows), hence "speechreading" is a more appropriate term than "lipreading".
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• Absolute tense
  '''Absolute tense''' is a temporal category that locates a situation (or a [[topic time]]) to an extra-linguistic reference point, typically the momen ...situations prior to the time of utterance, and future tenses indicate that a situations will take place after the time of utterance.
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• Acoustic correlate
  ...The '''acoustic correlate''' of a [[fricative]] consonant, for example, is a random noise pattern, especially in higher frequency regions, but dependent
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• Natal'ja Ju. Shvedova
  ...ja Jul'evna Shvedova''' (1917 – 2009-09-18) was a Russian linguist who was a specialist of [[Russian]] grammar.
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• Dissociative attitude
  ...themselves from the committment to the [[truth]] or [[appropriateness]] of a proposition or utterance. The expression of a '''dissociative attitude''' has been claimed to be a key ingredient of linguistic [[irony]] (see e.g. Wilson 2006):
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• Tap
  ...ingle rapid contact with the roof of the [[mouth]] by the [[tongue]], like a very brief [[stop]].
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• Arbitrariness of the sign
  ...t link between the form (''signifiant'') and the meaning (''signifié'') of a sign. There are systematic exceptions to the principle of the arbitrariness
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• Ambitransitive verb
  An ambitransitive verb is a verb which can be used either as a [[transitive verb]] or [[intransitive verb]] without any morphological mark 1) ''Malcolm is reading a book.'' (''read'' is transitive)
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• Anomaly
  '''Anomaly''' is the phenomenon that a sentence, though [[grammatical]], is meaningless because there is an [[inco ...owever, [[grammatical]]ity, as opposed to [[acceptable|acceptability]], is a linguistic phenomenon, which is directly applicable to many anomalous sente
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• Realization
  ...ization, whereby elements of one stratum are '''realized''' by elements of a lower stratum.
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• Predicative adjunct
  In [[Functional Grammar]], a '''predicative adjunct''' is a [[secondary predicate]] (e.g. Hengeveld 1992:40f.).
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• Language (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...uage is several steps removed from reality. You cannot touch, see, or feel a language. Yes, you can hear speech, but that is something different. Shoul "Language" is just a term of English. It may be interesting to take note of the fact that many o
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• Semantic coherence
  ...tails that the [[meaning]] of a [[derivation|derivative]] is transparently a composition of the meaning of the [[base]] and that of the [[affix]]. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Restrictive relative clause
  ...oun]]. It is used to restrict the class of entities that can be denoted by a [[noun phrase]]. ...es not restrict the set of books. The difference between a restrictive and a non-restrictive interpretation is often only expressed intonationally.
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• Frequency (pragmatics)
  Frequency, or more correctly frequency of occurrence, is the number of times a word appears in the language, usually measured in occurrences per million w A distinction between type and token frequency can be made.
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• Co-ordinative structure
  In phonetics, a '''co-ordinative structure''' is the combined action of a number of coupled [[Articulators|articulators]].
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• Contingent truth
  In semantics, '''contingent truth''' is a true sentence that is not a [[necessary truth]], which means that its truth value crucially depends on
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• Uniformity of Theta-Assignment Hypothesis
  ...ibly incorporating ''to'' in the verb and moving ''Mary'' to the left of ''a book''). (i) a. John gave Mary a book
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• Direct core argument
  In [[Role and Reference Grammar]], a '''direct core argument''' is a [[core argument (in RRG)|core argument]] which is either [[unmarked]] or ma
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• Trochee
  ...''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[strong syllable]] followed by a [[weak syllable]]. ...etrical phonology]] and [[prosodic phonology]], the strong-weak pattern of a trochee is often contrasted with the weak-strong pattern of an [[iamb]].
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• Accessibility
  ...''i'' if and only if ''i'' is [[c-commanded]] by ''a'' and coindexing of ''a'' and ''i'' would not violate the [[i-within-i condition]].
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• Participle
  A '''participle''' is a [[finiteness|non-finite]] form of a [[verb]], generally with [[adjective|adjectival]] [[external syntax]] and v (i) John is writing a book
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• Nonrestrictive relative clause
  A '''nonrestrictive relative clause''' is a [[relative clause]] that accompanies but does not [[restrict]] the meaning
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• Subordinator
  ...or''' is a word or morphological marker which often stands peripherally in a clause and indicates the [[subordinate]] status of the clause marked by it.
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• Syntagmatic relationship of sense
  A '''syntagmatic relation''' is a relation between expressions that occur next to one another. Syntagmatic re
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• Syntagmatic relation
  A '''syntagmatic relation''' is a relation between expressions that occur next to one another. Syntagmatic re
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• Acquired dyslexia
  ...xperienced by people who have lost some aspect of their reading ability as a result of brain damage. <br> ...brella term for many specific forms of [[dyslexia]] which can be caused by a variety of neuropathological diseases such as brain damage, stroke, dementi
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• Dvandva
  ...>[</NOWIKI>ˈdvɑːndvə<NOWIKI>]</NOWIKI> is a [[compound]] in which there is a simple conjunction of two words, without any further [[dependency]] holding * Trask, Robert Lawrence. 1992. ''A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics''. London: Routledge.
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• Universe of discourse
  ...rse of discourse''' is the set of entities we are talking about when using a [[sentence]]. Also called ''domain of discourse''. ...l human beings (and the sentence is most certainly not true), or it may be a restricted set of human beings (and the sentence may very well be true). In
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• Definiteness restriction
  ...'there'', must be an indefinite noun phrase, or in Milsark's (1977) terms, a [[weak noun phrase]]. The definiteness restriction is shown by the contrast (i) a *There is John/the man/every man in the room
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• Shortlist model
  In phonetics, the '''Shortlist model''' is a [[hybrid]] model of [[auditory word recognition]]. The term ''hybrid'' mean ..., Shortlist also incorporates a mechanism of bottom-up inhibition: in case a contextually appropriate candidate no longer fits the acoustic information,
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• Language family
  A '''language family''' is a [[family]] of languages.
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• Concept (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  A concept is nothing else than a location in a network of relationships, this network being the sememic stratum or concept A concept has for the most part been arrived at as a result of the person's experience in the world.
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• On-glide
  ...approach their target position for the articulation of a sound either from a previous sound, or from the position of rest.
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• Specificity condition
  ...ing ''wh''-movement out of a definite NP) and (ii) (''wh''-movement out of a non-specific indefinite NP). Also known as Specificity Constraint. (i) a *who did you see [that picture of t]
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• Strong crossover
  ...''wh''-element or quantificational NP undergoes [[A-bar movement]] across a pronominal which [[c-command]]s the extraction site, as in (i): ...ing a [[variable]], must be [[A-free]], binding by ''he'' would constitute a [[Condition C]] violation. To be distinguished from [[weak crossover]].
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• Formula
  ...the syntactic rules of [[propositional logic]] and [[predicate logic]] in a finite number of steps.
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• Subordinating conjunction
  ...n be defined as a [[conjunction (i.e. connective)|conjunction]] that marks a [[subordinate clause]].) ...it was felt that [[subordinator]]s and [[coordinator]]s do not really form a natural class of phenomena that could be called [[conjunction (i.e. connect
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• Lenition
  ...process of weakening. The diachronic development in (i) can be analyzed as a case of lenition (Hooper (1976), Katamba (1989)): ...>: the progression down the sonority hierarchy is from a voiceless stop to a voiced stop before deletion takes place. Lenition can also occur in one lan
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• Existential interpretation
  (i) a John ate a donut b There is an x, x a donut, such that John ate x
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• Aspiration
  ...efers to the delay of vibration of the vocal cords after the production of a voiceless [[consonant]]. There is a short period of air stream heard as a 'h'-like puff, designated with the phonetic symbol [^h], as in En
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• Full verb
  A '''full verb''' is a [[verb]] that is not an [[auxiliary verb]].
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• Vibrato
  ...of the note sung. It also requires a small [[intensity]] [[modulation]] of a few [[decibel]]s. On average, the vibrato range is 5-8 Hz and the intensity
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• X-bar schema
  ...ry]], summarizing the assumption that all major syntactic categories N, V, A, P, as well as functional categories such as I(NFL) and C(OMP) essentially (i) a [_X' X Y"]
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• Adpositional phrase
  ...rase consisting of a [[head]] [[adposition]] and its complement (generally a [[noun phrase]]).
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• Context dependence
  ...s depends on the context in which these words are used (a big mouse may be a small animal).
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• Accusative case
  ...the [[direct object]], or more precisely the most patient-like argument of a [[transitive]] clause (the [[P-argument]]). Latin ''Marcu-s rosa-m vidit'' [Marcus-NOM rose-ACC saw] ‘Marcus saw a rose’.
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• Subject raising
  '''Subject raising''' is the [[movement]] of the [[subject]] of a [[sentential complement]] to the subject position of the [[matrix clause]]. ...assign an [[external theta-role]], and select a sentential complement with a case-less subject position. Subject Raising also occurs with passivized [[E
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• Morphophonemik
  ...n language are variously represented by phonemic shapes can be regarded as a kind of code. This code is the ''morphophonemic system'' of the language." *Hockett, Charles F. 1958. ''A course in modern linguistics.'' New York: Macmillan.
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• Word
  A '''word''' is most simply defined as an element that is listed in the dicti ...ot satisfactory, because they do not say why linguists enter elements into a dictionary or write them between two spaces etc.
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• Articulatory gesture
  '''Articulatory gesture''' refers to an abstract dynamic description of a movement of [[articulator]]s. The movement of the [[velum]] for the production of a [[nasal]] [[consonant]]
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• Cooperative Principle
  ..., which speakers can be expected to observe in a [[discourse]], as part of a rational and purposeful exchange of information: ''A: I am out of petrol.''
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• Logic
  ...they do not obey ''the principle of the excluded middle'', which says that a formula must be either true or false.
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• Proclitic
  A '''proclitic''' is a [[clitic]] that precedes its [[host]].
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• Complementizer (in X-bar theory)
  ...by [[complementizer]]s and other [[subordinator]]s, and that can serves as a [[landing site]] for all sorts of [[movement]] operations.
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• Discourse-linked interrogative phrase
  ...context set of familiar entities of the type denoted by the nominal (e.g., a set of already familiar men) (Pesetsky 1987, Enç 1991). They contrast with (2) a. Mary asked [who[e read what]]?
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• Projection
  ...ection''' is a notion of [[X-bar theory]]: any Xⁿ, n &gt; 0, is a projection of X⁰.
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• Semantic compositionality
  ...''semantic compositionality''' if the [[meaning]] of a [[complex word]] is a function of the meanings of its [[constituent]]s.
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• Universal quantifier
  ...ossible to express that all entities in the [[universe of discourse]] have a particular property. In (i), it is used to express that every entity has pr It is a standard assumption that natural language expressions such as ''each girl''
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• Tail-head linkage
  ...L) is a discourse pattern which consists in repeating, at the beginning of a new sentence, the main verbal root of the preceding sentence for discourse ...veys, i.e. when the same verbal roots is not repeated but instead there is a generic verb (often 'do' or 'make') that recaps the previous sentence and s
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• Morphophonologie
  ...n language are variously represented by phonemic shapes can be regarded as a kind of code. This code is the ''morphophonemic system'' of the language." *Hockett, Charles F. 1958. ''A course in modern linguistics.'' New York: Macmillan.
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• Lect
  A [[lect]] is any variety of a [[language]], regardless of the kind of variation (social, regional, diachr
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• Principle of Lexical Association
  ...)''' is a principle that an operator like ''only'' must be associated with a lexical constituent in its ccommand domain.
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• Derivation
  The term '''derivation''' is used in a number of different senses: ...s to the entire sequence of rule applications in the process of generating a terminal string on the basis of an initial symbol; see [[derivation (GG)]];
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• Corpus planning
  ...t any kind of [[corpus]], but the [[structure]] of a language (which after a successful change will of course lead to changes in corpora). *Kloss, Heinz. 1969. ''Research possibilities on group bilingualism: a report.'' Quebec: International Center for research on Bilingualism.
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• Velarization
  An [[assimilation]] process in which a [[sound]] is adjusted to a neighboring [[velar]] by raising the back of the [[tongue]] towards the sof
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• Binding
  ...ative syntax, '''binding''' refers to a relation in which the reference of a certain element is dependent on the reference of another element. Especial ...'binding''' is a term that is used to refer the relation obtaining between a [[quantifier]] All(''v'') or Exists(''v'') and the occurrences of the [[var
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• One-affix-one-rule hypothesis
  ...ifies a unique syntactic label and [[subcategorization frame]], as well as a unique semantic reading.
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• Agent
  '''Agent''' is a generalized [[semantic role|semantic]] or [[thematic role]]. The agent of a ...pective of the [[alignment]] system of a language, the Agent role is plays a crucial role in various syntactic constructions, e.g. specific types of [[c
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• Rule feature
  ...a type of diacritic feature which triggers (or blocks) the application of a phonological rule. This feature is usually assumed to account for irregular ...counted for by assuming that the words ''foot, goose'' and ''tooth'', have a rule feature [+U] which triggers the phonological umlaut rule.
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• Homography
  '''Homography''' is when a set of words are spelled identically, but have different meanings. It is no (i) ''a dog's lead'' and
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• Phoneme
  ...t from other [[speech sound]]s that do not contribute to the uniqueness of a segment. ...ish one [[word]] from another (e.g. Jacobson, Trubetzkoy). The phonemes of a language can be found by constructing [[minimal pair]]s.
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• Paradigm
  '''Paradigm''' is a term which is used for the set of all the [[inflection|inflected]] forms wh (i) del-a-t' 'to do'
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• Quantifier (in Generalized Quantifier Theory)
  '''Quantifier''' is the model-theoretic interpretation of a noun phrase as a set of of sets in [[Generalized Quantifier Theory]].
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• Numeral
  ...ther (for counting objects, counting events, or expressing the position in a sequence).
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• Suffix
  ...[[bound morpheme]] (or [[affix]]) which attaches at the righthand side of a [[base]], i.e. which follows it. the English morpheme -''ness'' is a suffix, since it attaches to the right of adjectives (''productiveness'').
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• Lexicalist Hypothesis
  ...be used in derivational morphology (= Weak Lexicalist Hypothesis), and (b) a strong version which says that transformations can also not be used in the * Roeper, T. and D. Siegel 1978. ''A Lexical Transformation for Verbal Compounds,'' Linguistic Inquiry 9, pp. 19
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• Weak noun phrase
  ...noun phrase''' is a [[noun phrase]] that can be used as the [[subject]] of a [[there-insertion]] sentence: ...l term for indefinite noun phrases. Besides traditional indefinites like ''a boy'' and ''boys'', noun phrases like ''one boy, some boys, two boys'' or '
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• Fusional morphology
  ...ology''' (also called inflectional morphology) is a term which is used for a morphological system in which one morpheme, usually an inflectional affix, * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Contact relative clause
  A '''contact relative clause''' is a [[relative clause]] that immediately follows its head noun, without any [[r
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• Salwaa/Draft
  Collocation is a lexical phenomenon.... * Brezina, V., McEnery, T., & Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. ''International journal of corpus
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• Sense relation
  A sense relation is a [[paradigmatic relation]] between words or predicates. Two major types of s
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• Neighbour
  A '''neighbour''' of a word is any other word that only differs in one or more segments. Normally ...n, where one or more characters in the word are substituted. Normally only a single substitution is allowed. When two substitutions are considered the s
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• Right roof constraint
  '''Right Roof Constraint''' is a condition on [[rightward movement]] first formulated by Ross (1967:185): (i) In all rules whose structural index is of the form ... A Y, and
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• Privilegierung
  ...iniert wird und B von dem selben S-Knoten dominiert wird, nicht jedoch von A, z. B.: A Y
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• Singular
  ...ion]] [[number]]: singular nouns (or NPs) are defined as normally denoting a single thing (or other entity).
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• Steady state
  ...a [[vowel]] in which [[formant]]s are "steady", i.e. they do not move. In a CVC [[syllable]], it is that part of the vowel after the formant [[transiti
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• Tree structure
  ...nt types of relation, namely either by [[dominance]] or by [[precedence]]. A tree structure has only one top node. (i) A
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• Theta-role assignment
  '''Theta-role assignment''' is assignment by a [[predicate]] of a [[theta-role]] to an [[argument]].
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• Contact language (i.e. language in contact)
  The term '''contact language''' is often used informally to refer to a language with which another language has been in [[language contact|contact ''Contact language'' also has a more specific meaning, see [[contact language (created by contact)]].
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• Structural case
  '''Structural case''' is a [[case]] which is assigned in a certain structural configuration, depending on government (and adjacency) o ...ly, structural case is identified with case assignment to the specifier in a specific kind of AGRP.
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• ID-rule
  ...condition for [[local tree|local trees]]: It licenses all local trees with a root ''X'' and daughters <math>Y_1,</math> <math>Y_2,</math> ..., <math>Y_n ...based grammar formalisms like [[Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar]] use a small number of highly general ID schemata instead.
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• Window model
  ...he time axis and/or in height) in case the segment is specified + or - for a particular feature, and broad in case the segment is specified neutrally. T ...nant will therefore be neutrally specified for nasal. This translates into a broad window in which anticipatory nasalisation may occur early on in the v
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• Internal borrowing
  ...ing''' describes a process of [[borrowing]] in which a word is copied from a non-standard variety into the standard language (cf. Görlach 2001: 158). F
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• Anticipatory shortening
  The duration of a [[vowel]] in the first [[syllable]] of a [[word]] is shortened when the number of syllables that follow the [[stress
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• Compensatory lengthening
  '''Compensatory lengthening''' is a common phonological process whereby the loss of some phonetic material is c [[Greek]] provides a clear-cut example for the process: Proto-Greek ''esmi'' `I am' changes into
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• Nection boundary
  ...lural sides]] of the two [[node (in neurocognitive linguistics)|nodes]] of a [[nection]]. ...tation|narrow notation]] have a clear basis for distinguishing boundaries: a line belongs to the same nection as its source, and the boundary is the poi
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• Verb movement
  '''Verb movement''' is a [[movement]] of a [[verb]] to a [[c-command]]ing [[head]] position, e.g. I ( [[INFL]]) and C ( [[COMP]]). I (i) a [_CP [_C'e [_IP Jan [_I' [<sub>VP
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• Portal:List of portals
  ...areas of linguistics. A [[Help:Portal|portal]] is an introductory page for a given topic. It complements the main article of the subject by introducing ...ook like in Glottopedia, but the [[Portal:Quantitative linguistics]] gives a fairly good idea of what the editors have in mind.
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• Developmental plausibility
  Real-life linguistic systems undergo changes, often on a day-to-day basis. Such changes are most obvious in children, whose linguist ...knowledge. They also sometimes acquire new syntactic constructions. And so a model of linguistic structure, to be considered realistic, must incorporate
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• Wh-island
  ...traction [[island]] created by an embedded sentence which is introduced by a ''wh''-word. ...complement of ''wonder'' in (i)b is a ''wh''-island. The contrast with (i)a serves to show that it is the ''wh''-element ''to whom'' which blocks the e
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• C-command
  In syntax, '''C-command''' is a binary relation between nodes in a tree structure which is defined as follows: (i) Node A c-commands node B iff
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• Syllable
  ...unit of [[pronunciation]] that consists of a [[syllabic]] element (usually a [[vowel]]) (see [[Nucleus]]), that can be preceded (see [[Onset]]) and/or f
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• Malapropism
  In [[phonetics]], a '''malapropism''' is a [[speech error]] whereby the sounds of the produced word strongly resemble
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• Synthetic compound
  ...[[compound]], viz. compounds whose [[head]] is [[derivation|derived]] from a [[verb]] by [[affixation]], and where the non-head fulfills the function of ...or role in the development of linguistic theory, since they raise a number a questions concerning the morphology-syntax interface. Another term for synt
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• Deponent (classical languages)
  In Latin and Greek linguistics, a '''deponent''' is a verb with middle or passive inflection, but ordinary ("active") meaning. The term ''deponent'' has been generalized, to refer to any situation where a morphological marker has the "wrong" function; see [[deponency]].
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• Cohort model
  In phonetics, a '''cohort model''' is a theory of auditory word recognition. ...ation levels of the remaining candidates more significantly. There is also a mechanism of bottom-up inhibition, which means that in case the incoming se
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• Quantity-(in)sensitivity
  ...e structure, i.e. all types of syllables can occur in the head position of a foot. ...tructure of syllables plays a decisive role in the penultimate position of a word. One additional restriction in Latin is that the final syllable is [[e
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• Word Structure Autonomy Condition
  ...ure. This condition rules out a syntactic analysis of inflection, such as (a) the Affix Hopping analysis of English inflection (Chomsky 1957), (b) [[hea * Baker, M. 1988. ''Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing,'' University of Chicago Press, Chi
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• Noise
  ...han 100 times greater (20 [[dB]]) than the noise intensity. This is called a 20 dB [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. : there is a downward slope of -6 dB/octave in the spectrum. This slope imitates the [[s
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• Structure-building rule
  '''Structure-building rule''' is a rule which does not change already specified information. This rule just fi ...rse of a derivation [voice] can be filled in by a structure-building rule. A property of structure-building rules is that the input and output are non-d
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• Exclamative sentence
  An '''exclamative sentence''' is a [[sentence type]] used to express surprise about something unexpected or ex ...ative sentence]]s. It is very likely that there are also languages without a special class of exclamative sentences.
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• Article
  An '''article''' is a marker that accompanies the [[noun]] and expresses notions such as (non-)[[ A language does not necessarily have both an non-specific/indefinite and a specific/definite marker. These markers often stem from very different sour
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• Main clause
  The '''main clause''' of a [[subordinate clause]] is the remainder of the [[superordinate clause]] aft ...or reference, i.e. when one talks about the relation between an element in a subordinate clause and elements in the main clause.
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• Amplitude
  In the description of a sine wave, the maximum distance that a vibrating particle moves is called the '''amplitude''' of the wave. The gre
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• Floating quantifier
  '''Floating quantifier''' is a [[quantifier]] that is not immediately near the NP it quantifies. French '' (i) a ''Tous'' les étudiants ont lu ce livre
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• Garden-path sentence
  A '''garden path''' sentence leads a [[parser]] initially to an incorrect interpretation. This is often due to t ...' being a matrix verb rather than an [[embedded]] [[participle]], which is a rare structure, the parser struggles to include ''fell'' in the sentence.
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• Reborrowing
  ...₂ to L₁. The word '''reborrowing''' is also used (as a count noun) for linguistic items which have undergone the process of '''reb
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• Root compound
  A '''root compound''' is a [[compound]] whose [[head]] is not [[deverbal]] or whose non-head does not ...The distinction between root compounds and synthetic compounds has played a major role in theoretical discussions since the late seventies. Another ter
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• Type logic
  ...t;e,t&gt;,t&gt;&gt;. In combination with lambda-abstraction, type logic is a very powerful logic for semantic representation. It has been fruitfully app
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• Specified subject condition
  The '''Specified Subject Condition''' is a condition introduced in Chomsky (1973) which states that: ... X ... [_a ... Z ... -WYV ... ] ...
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• Spectrogram
  ...raphic representation of the components ([[harmonics]] or [[formant]]s) of a [[sound]] as they vary in [[frequency]] and [[intensity]] over time. Freque ...nd 50 Hz. As the fundamental frequency is unlikely to be lower than 50 Hz, a filter with that bandwidth will respond to and capture each harmonic separa
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• Adjacency
  (i) ''John wrote a letter yesterday.'' (ii) ''*John wrote yesterday a letter.''
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• Strident
  ...''' is a [[feature]] which characterizes [[sound]]s that are produced with a complex [[constriction]] forcing the [[air stream]] to strike two surfaces,
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• Nection
  ...in [[relational network|relational networks]] which are defined by having a central [[line]] connecting two [[node (in neurocognitive linguistics)|node ...plural sides of two nodes (or the plural side of a node with a boundary of a network at which it interfaces with structure outside the network) may be c
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• Caused motion construction
  ...tion''' (omitting the subject, which Lamb does not consider part of it) is a [[construction (in neurocognitive linguistics)|construction]] that can be w ...lking semantics and not about syntax as traditionally treated. As soon as a speaker can construe any action as an instance of caused motion, the values
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• Trace theory
  ...if an element X has been moved in the course of a derivation, it has left a [[trace]] in its original position. In (i) the NP ''John'' is moved while leaving a trace t, indicating its [[d-structure]] position.
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• Residue
  In [[checking theory]], the '''residue''' of A is the [[domain]] of A minus its [[complement domain]]. * Chomsky, N. 1993. ''A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory,'' MIT occasional papers in lingui
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• Intransitive verb
  ...rb''' is a verb that does not require an [[object]], i.e. it requires only a [[subject]]. The term 'intransitive' subsumes [[monovalent]] predicates and
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• Verb raising
  ...aposition]], is moved and adjoined to its governing verb, thereby creating a verb-cluster. ...Raising creates the structure in (i)b (assuming the SOV d-structure in (i)a).
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• Reduplication
  ...t that is attached to the base is called [[reduplicant]]. Reduplication is a kind of [[non-linear morphology]]. Reduplication is a [[word formation]] process by which some part of a base (= a [[segment]], [[syllable]], [[morpheme]]) is repeated, either to the left, o
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• Argument
  ...he entity about which a [[predication]] is made. In syntax, an argument is a constituent ([[noun phrase]], [[adpositional phrase]]) that is required by ...ial expression]] and which is associated with a [[theta-role]] assigned by a lexical [[head]].
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• Echoic use
  ...s in order to achieve a specific communicative effect, typically to convey a specific attitude towards the relevant utterance such as surprise, pleasure Echoic use of language has been claimed to be a key concept in the ironical use of language, esp. in the work done by Deird
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• Voice quality
  ...quality may also have a contrastive function in the phonological system of a language. Breathiness, for example, is phonemic for vowels in Gujarati and
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• Pretence
  ...pretending to perform it (or, in more elaborate versions, pretending to be a certain type of person performing it)." (WIlson 2006: 1734)
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• Transcription
  A method of [[writing]] down speech [[sound]]s in a systematic way. ...transcription only phonemes are used, and phonetic detail is left out. In a phonetic transcription, allophonic detail is added by way of [[diacritic]]s
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• Right downward monotonicity
  ...being right [[downward monotonicity|downward monotone]] if and only if in a domain of entities E condition (i) holds. ...ils the truth of [_S NP VP'], where the interpretation of VP' is a subset of the interpretation of VP. Right downward monotonicity can also be
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• Recursion
  '''Recursion''' is a process or result of elements recurring in a structure. Recursion allows structure to become of unbounded length. * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• VP Preposing
  '''VP Preposing''' is a [[preposing]] of a [[VP]].
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• Nominative case (citation form)
  ...r, choose to call such a form '''absolutive''', especially when discussing a non-Indo-European language. But I do not see sufficient reasons for this."' .... 1988. "Is there an ergative construction in Lezgian?" In: Mel'čuk, Igor' A. 1988. ''Dependency syntax: theory and practice.'' Albany: State University
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• Relativized head
  '''Relativized head''' is a notion proposed in DiSciullo &amp; Williams (1987) which replaces Williams' (i) The head_F (= head with respect to the feature F) of a word is the
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• Parameter
  ...versal Grammar parameters specify certain options: the [[core-grammar]] of a specific language, then, is the result of the specific setting of these par ...]) or [[head-last]] (chosen in [[Japanese]]), which means that the head of a syntactic [[constituent]] precedes or follows its [[complement]]. Parameter
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• De dicto and de re
  ...out a [[proposition]] (also known as [[propositional attitude reports]]). A classic example from Quine (1956) is (i), which displays the two readings. (i) Ralph believes that someone is a spy.
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• Anaphor
  In binding theory, '''anaphor''' is an element which must be [[A-bound]] by an [[antecedent]] within its [[binding domain]]. ...its [[antecedent]]. The ill-formedness of (b) and c is due to the lack of a proper antecedent: ''himself'' does not agree in person features with ''I''
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• Root Mean Square amplitude
  ...ty than to acoustic amplitude). To calculate RMS amplitude, each sample in a waveform window is squared; then the average of the squares is calculated;
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• Performative hypothesis
  ...it [[illocutionary act]], i.e. is derived from a deep structure containing a [[performative]] verb. (i) a I'll write you next week
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• General linguistics
  .... However, language-particular (i.e. non-general) linguistics is typically a highly theoretical enterprise as well.
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• Regierende Kategorie
  ...al' bezüglich einer Eigenschaft P heißt, wenn sie P besitzt, aber jede von A dominierte Kategorie P nicht besitzt.
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• Ternary foot
  A '''ternary foot''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of three syllables.
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• Larynx
  ...he [[windpipe]] (or trachea) containing the [[vocal folds]]. The larynx is a casing of muscle and cartilage, which at the front is most noticeable in an
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• Infix
  ...ow &amp; McCarthy (1983) and McCarthy (1986) argue that infixation is just a special kind of [[prefix]]ation or [[suffix]]ation. ...term ''infix'' is also used for [[adfix]]es that occur nonperipherally in a word, but not inside another morpheme. However, this usage of ''infix'' is
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• Predeterminer
  In Quirk et al.'s (1985) influential grammar of English, a '''predeterminer''' is an element preceding the [[determiner]] in the Engli ...& [[Greenbaum, Sidney]] & [[Leech, Geoffrey]] & [[Svartvik, Jan]]. 1985. ''A comprehensive grammar of the English language.'' London: Longman.
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• Head movement constraint
  '''Head Movement Constraint''' is a constraint originally formulated in Travis (1984:131): ...ad may be moved ([[head movement]]). In effect, the HMC prohibits skipping a governing head position, as in (ii): buy moves to COMP in disregard of its
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• Dominance
  '''Dominance''' is a dominance is a binary relation between nodes in a [[tree structure]] which can be defined as follows: (i) Node A dominates node B iff A is higher up the tree than B such that you
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• Neurological plausibility
  ...ist in the real world and that their loci are the brains of people. And so a theory of linguistic structure needs to be consistent with what is known ab Lamb, Sydney M. "Linguistic structure: A plausible theory" in <i>[http://www.ludjournal.org Language Under Discussio
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• ToBI
  ...re of spoken utterances in a language variety. A ToBI framework system for a language variety is based on careful research on the intonation system and ...i, Ostendorf, Wightman, Price, Pierrehumbert, and Hirschberg 1992. ''ToBI: a standard for labelling English prosody,'' In Proceedings of ICSLP92, volume
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• Dative case
  The '''dative case''' is a [[case]] that prototypically marks the recipient of [[ditransitive]] verbs ...''(cāsus) datīvus'' 'case of giving' (cf. ''dare'' 'give', which itself is a calque of Greek ''(ptóòsis) dotikée''.
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• Aussagenlogik
  ...ie beiden Aussagen ''es regnet'' und ''die Strasse ist nass'' können durch A und B dargestellt werden. Durch Junktoren wie <math>\and</math> <math>\or</ ...unter jeder möglichen Belegung ist. Die Formel A <math>\Rightarrow</math> A ist offensichtlich tautologisch.
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• Precedence ordering
  ...onal networks]] and of [[realizational formula|realizational formulae]] -- a property found in [[linguistic information system|linguistic systems]] tha ...The subformulas are listed in the order of precedence, and since this is a precedence ordering of alternatives, they all occupy the same realizational
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• Relativization
  ...vation includes [[NP-deletion]] under identity (''the man''), insertion of a [[relative pronoun]] (''who''), and [[wh-movement|''wh''-movement]]. This a
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• Institutionalized
  A complex '''word''' is said to be '''institutionalized''' if it exists in th ...g only from potential words in that, by being used, they have come to have a specific reference. Following Bauer 1983, I shall term such words ''institu
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• Topic chaining
  ...haining''' is a kind of [[thematic progression]] in which the [[topic]] of a sentence is identical to the topic of the previous sentence.
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• Implicature
  ...ar implicatures, where a weaker term on a scale implicates the negation of a stronger term. ...the Maxim of Quantity, the speaker will only use ''some'' if he is not in a position to use ''all''. Hence, his use of ''some'' implicates that there w
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• Template morphology
  ...addition of [[affix]]es one by one to a [[stem]]. Rather, in these systems a word consists of several obligatory and optional affixes, where each obliga
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• Affected vs. effected object
  ...on, and '''effected objects''', i.e. participants which come into being as a result of the verbal action. ::*''“One example of a ‘covert’ grammatical distinction is the one to which traditional gramma
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• Analysis-by-synthesis
  ...synthesised sounds provide new insights, and speech synthesis is therefore a method of speech analysis.
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• Theta-grid
  ...among the theta-roles (through bracketing), but also their status as being a direct or indirect role, optional or obligatory, etc.
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• VP-adjunction
  ...ers-framework (Cf. Chomsky 1986b), VP-adjunction is a crucial step in the (A'-)movement of direct objects. If the direct object of a simple sentence would be ''wh''-moved to spec of CP in one step, the result
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• Adjective
  An '''adjective''' is a member of a [[word class]] whose members most typically express properties. ...attached (noun)'. (In the earlier grammatical terminology, adjectives were a subclass of noun; see [[noun (Latin nomen)]].)
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• Wh-movement
  ...of a [[wh-phrase]]. ''Wh''-movement always moves the moved element to an [[A-bar position]], in particular the specifier position of CP. Languages diffe * Chomsky, N. 1993. ''A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory,'' MIT occasional papers in lingui
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• Construction (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...the construction, in which two or more constituents are variable and have a * ditransitive: ''he faxed Bill a letter''
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• Quantal theory of speech
  ...critical regions, a slight adjustment of articulatory placement will cause a quantal change in sound. ...peech: Evidence from Articulatory-Acoustic Data,'' In Human Communication: A Unified View. E.E. David, Jr. and P.B. Denes (Eds.), 51-66, New York: McGra
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• Noun (Latin nomen)
  ...hat inflects for case, i.e. (in Latin and similar Indo-European languages) a class comprising both nouns and adjectives. * In English, ''noun'' more often refers to a word class that prototypically expresses things: see [[noun]].
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• Passive articulator
  ...outh is placed to produce a particular [[sound]], contributing to defining a [[place of articulation]].
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• NP-movement
  '''NP-movement''' is a [[movement]] of an [[NP]] into an [[A-position]]. Such movement occurs in [[passive]] constructions and [[Raising
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• Tactic pattern
  ...ics]] (NCL), every [[stratum (in neurocognitive linguistics)|stratum]] has a syntax or '''tactic pattern''', which is also built of lines and nodes. Th For example, for a noun phrase (NP) in English, a lexotactic pattern will have an upward [[OR node|OR]] that will relate NPs
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• Structure-changing rule
  '''Structure-changing rule''' is a rule which changes already specified information, and renders the output fo ...in the class of sonorants. If there is a rule which devoices obstruents in a particular environment, say word final, this rule will be structure-changin
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• Referential expression
  ...ch as ''it'' (cf. ''it seems that he has gone'') and ''there'' (''there is a man in the garden''). Referential expressions are not to be confused with s
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• Stratificational ordering
  ...t structural layers or levels instead of different derivational periods in a fictional time span. We speak of these various levels as differing from one
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• Proper government
  ...[[governor]]. Categories that are usually considered proper governors for a category [[alpha]], are categories that are coindexed with alpha (see [[ant * Aoun, J., N. Hornstein, D. Lightfoot &amp; A. Weinberg 1987. ''Two types of Locality,'' Linguistic Inquiry 184, pp. 537-
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• Subcategorization frame
  '''Subcategorization frame''' is a formalization of the notion of [[subcategorization]]. ...'hit'' optionally (indicated by the parentheses) selects an NP-complement (a sister-node, as indicated by the square brackets) to its right (indicated b
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• Agreement
  ...a widespread syntactic situation in which a [[target]] element agrees with a [[controller]] element in some [[morphosyntactic feature]]. ...ematic covariance between a semantic or formal property of one element and a formal property of another."'' (Steele 1978:610)
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• Source
  '''Source''' is a one of the possible [[semantic role]]s of a [[verb]], indicating the place or object where the movement expressed by th In ''John received a book from Mary'' Mary is the source of the movement of the book (the [[them
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• Natural language
  A '''natural language''' is a language that is used by humans for ordinary purposes of communication. The
  458 bytes (70 words) - 16:26, 18 July 2014
• Third construction
  '''Third Construction''' is a construction typical of [[Dutch]] and [[German]] in which part of an [[infi In (Dutch) (i)a the infinitival complement has been extraposed in toto, but in (i)b, the so
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• Thematic role
  The term '''thematic role''' is a synonym of [[semantic role]] or [[thematic relation]], popularized by Choms Thematic roles are semantic roles in a system which takes location and movement through space as (some of) the key
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• Dative alternation
  ...l [[indirect-object construction]] (''The girl gave milk to the cat'') and a [[double-object construction]] (''The girl gave the cat milk''), especially ...lso referred to as NP PP structure as it consists of a nounphrase (NP) and a prepositional phrase (PP).
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• Schwa
  '''Schwa''' is a vowel often described as a mid central unrounded vowel of brief duration.
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• Language planning
  ...ents, educators or intellectuals to modify the structure or social role of a language. * Cobarrubias, Juan & Fishman, Joshua A. (eds.) 1983. ''Progress in language planning: International perspectives.'
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• Quantifier Raising
  ...e]] of the operator can be calculated. One empirical advantage of assuming a rule of QR which mediates the determination of relative scope is that it ex (i) a someone_i loves everyone_j
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• Singulative
  ...n unmarked plural-denoting noun (as opposed to [[singular]], which denotes a single entity and is not expressed overtly, or at least not derived from an
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• Restructuring
  '''Restructuring''' is a process which unites two clauses yielding one [[clause]]. (i) [Si vuole [PRO vendere queste case a caro prezzo]]
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• Trace model
  ...be either positive or negative (i.e. inhibitory connections). Selection of a word is defined in terms of competition between activated word nodes. The w
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• C-Kommando
  Ein [[Knoten]] A c-kommandiert einen Knoten B dann und nur dann, wenn (a) der erste verzweigende [[Knoten]] über A auch B dominiert und
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• Plural
  ...ng more than one thing (or more than one entity). If the language also has a [[dual]], plural nouns denote more than two things or entities.
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• Eingabe
  ''NP → A + N'' (= Anweisung für: 'Ersetze NP durch A und N' ([[Ersetzungsregel]])), während die rechts vom Pfeil stehenden Symb
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• Substitution salva veritate
  ...an expression alpha by an expression beta with the same reference in such a way that the resulting sentence has the same truth-value. Given that Beatrix is the eldest daughter of Juliana sentence (i)a is equivalent to (i)b in which ''the eldest daughter of Juliana'' has been
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• Tough-movement
  ...John'' in (i) is an argument of the adjective ''easy'', and that the CP is a modifying adjunct: The object of ''to please'', then, is a variable bound by the [[empty operator]] O which is coindexed with ''John''
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• Lexicon
  ...es]] (also [[lexical item]]s, [[lexeme]]s). It contains information about (a) the [[pronunciation]], (b) the [[meaning]], (c) morphological properties, ...nd as an extensional (e.g. printed, electronic) list of lexical items from a given language.
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• Node (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  A '''node''' is any point at which [[line|lines]] meet. At each such point i ...is toward expression. Upward is toward meaning or function. For example, a lexicogrammatical node might point upward toward the sememic stratum or dow
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• Reiterant speech
  ...sic characteristics. Instead of uttering a sentence like "''John gave Mary a book''", the speaker replaces each syllable by the syllable "''ma''", yield
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• Strength
  ...s called weak. Sentences of the form in (i) provide a test for strength of a determiner D: (i) [_S [_NP DET CN] is a CN/are CN's]
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• Merge
  .... It takes two elements from the [[numeration]], combines them and assigns a [[label]] to the structure thus formed; the label is identical to one of th Take for instance Merge of a [[direct object]] with a verb:
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• Reflexive
  A '''reflexive''' is an expression such as ''himself'' in English, which must ''herself'' in (i) is a reflexive with ''Mary'' as its antecedent.
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• Copredicative
  '''Copredicative''' is a synonym for [[depictive construction]].
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• Achievement
  '''Achievement''' is a type of situation (or state of affairs) that is [[dynamic]] and has no conc ...as they designate very short, instantaneous situations, which do not allow a continuous interpretation.
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• Superiority condition
  ...condition on the application of [[transformation]]s, which states that, if a transformation can in principle be applied to two [[constituent]]s in the s ...hat [[wh-movement]] can apply only once in deriving the [[s-structure]] of a sentence, the superiority condition predicts that in structure (i) ''what''
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• Transformational rule
  ...f [[transformation]]s, and [[Logical Form]] is derived from S-structure in a similar way. See [[affect alpha]].
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• Nominalphrase im Nordsaamischen
  _NP[A-ATTR N] ruks-es biil-a
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• Root clause
  '''Root clause''' is a [[main clause]] which is not [[embedding|embedded]]. In [[verb second]] lan * Emonds, J. 1976. ''A Transformational Approach to English Syntax. Root, Structure-Preserving and
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• Truncation
  '''Truncation''' is a morphological [[operation]] by which one [[morpheme]] is deleted if it is i <nowiki>[[ base + A]</nowiki>_X + B]_Y
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• Status planning
  ...fication of Kloss (1969): It refers to modifications in the social role of a language, in particular the role with respect to the state or the governmen ...thical issues in status planning." In: Cobarrubias, Juan & Fishman, Joshua A. (eds.) 1983. ''Progress in language planning: International perspectives.'
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• Stratum (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...ers of such stratal systems, but these differences amount to variations on a general theme of three major systems, phonological, lexico-grammatical, and Each stratal system includes a [[tactic pattern]], controlling the combinations appropriate to that system
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• Mixed language
  ...f influence, usually most of the basic vocabulary and grammar derives from a single source; the term "mixed" is conventionally reserved for cases where ...t [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.
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• There-insertion
  '''There-insertion''' is a operation which inserts [[expletive]] ''there'' in the first, presumably th (i)a has been analyzed as being derived from (i)b by inserting ''there'' in the
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• S-selection
  '''S-selection''' is the conditions which a [[head]] imposes on its immediate context through its [[argument structure] ...the conditions imposed in terms of categorical features (e.g. N,V). It is a point of debate whether and to what extent c-selection can be derived from
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• OR node
  An '''OR node''' is a [[node (in neurocognitive linguistics)|node]] in [[relational network notat ...the OR node, to be in a disjunctive relationship. The OR node thus shows a relationship of alternation as opposed to combination, which is shown by th
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• Register (in phonetics)
  ...ano'', ''tenor'', ''bass'' etc., and these features also determine whether a person sings in head ([[falsetto]]) or chest register. * Titze, I.R. 1988. ''A framework for the study of vocal registers,'' Journal of Voice, vol. 2, nr.
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• Resumptive pronoun
  A '''resumptive pronoun''' is a pronoun that refers back to a previously realized item within the same syntactic structure. Resumptive pr ...'' is a pronoun which appears in the position of the [[variable]] bound by a ''wh''-phrase.
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• Definite description
  '''Definite description''' is a definite noun phrase which is used to refer to exactly one individual. ''the king of France'' in (i) is a definite description that can only be properly used if France has one and o
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• State
  A '''state''' is a type of situation (or state of affairs). States are non-dynamic, i.e. they
  666 bytes (89 words) - 17:12, 9 September 2009
• Bounded/unbounded
  It fixes the number of syllables of a [[foot]] as either two (bounded) or indefinite (unbounded or n-ary). Hayes, B. 1981. ''A metrical theory of stress rules.'' PhD diss. MIT Cambridge, MA. Revised ver
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• Sole argument generalization
  ...ays that an [[argument]] that may stand as a sole [[NP]] [[complement]] to a [[verb]] can be externalized by [[Adjectival passive formation]]. This gene * Spencer, A. 1991. ''Morphological Theory,'' Blackwell, Oxford.
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• Proper Binding Condition
  A syntactic condition that movement must target a c-commanding position. * Huang, C. T. J., Li, Y. H. A., & Li, Y. (2009). ''The syntax of Chinese (Vol. 10)''. Cambridge: Cambridg
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• Raising to object
  ...' in (i), although the subject of ''to have won'', has the case-marking of a [[direct object]]. ...merely a metaphor, and that in fact, the embedded clause in (iii) contains a pro-drop ( [[pro]]) subject.
  2 KB (271 words) - 08:15, 28 September 2014
• Agglutinating language
  ...rds as a rule are polymorphemic and where each [[morpheme]] corresponds to a single lexical meaning.
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• Grammatical
  A '''grammatical''' sentence follows the rules of grammar for its particular A grammatical (and acceptable) sentence of English:
  976 bytes (139 words) - 17:43, 29 June 2014
• Dimension
  ...l dimensions'''. Two categories belong to the same dimension if they share a semantic (or more generally, functional) property and are '''mutually exclu
  666 bytes (86 words) - 18:17, 28 June 2014
• Relational
  ...hey require an argument in order to be interpreted, e.g. ''president'' (of a given institution or organization) and ''similar'' (to something).
  461 bytes (71 words) - 20:09, 25 July 2014
• Quantisation noise
  ...signal]] at all posible points in time. The best way to avoid it is to use a large number of amplitude steps. The amplitude of quantisation noise can be
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• Right upward monotonicity
  '''Right upward monotonicity''' is the property of an [[NP]], interpreted as a [[quantifier]] Q, which has the property of being right [[upward monotonici ...ils the truth of [_S NP VP'], where the interpretation of VP' is a superset of the interpretation of VP. Right upward monotonicity can also be
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• Pronominal
  '''Pronominal''' is a closed class of nominal [[lexical item]]s with a characteristic behavior in terms of their [[binding]] properties, as distin ...) and (ii)b), or [[bound]] (as in (ii)a), but they may not be bound within a specific type of local domain (see [[MGC]]) which explains the illformednes
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• Vowel
  In [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]], a '''vowel''' is a [[speech sound]] in whose articulation the oral part of the [[breath channe A relational adjective from ''vowel'' that is occasionally used is ''vocalic'
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• Scrambling
  '''Scrambling''' is a cover term for a specific kind of [[word order]] variation. (i) a Er hat ihr vielleicht dieses Buch gegeben
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• Matrix clause
  A '''matrix clause''' is a [[clause]] that structurally surrounds an [[embedded clause]].
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• Property
  ...s, i.e. to use mathematical methods. Qualitative properties are defined on a so-called nominal, or categorial scales, which means that the only possible ...tter scale enables to formulate how many times object A has more than B of a property.
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• Stripping
  '''Stripping''' is a term for a kind of ellipsis that is also referred to as [[bare argument ellipsis]].
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• Syntactic role
  '''Syntactic role''' is a [[synonym]] of [[syntactic relation]].
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• Fuzzy logic model of perception
  ...cessing speech. It claims that categorical perception can be understood as a problem of classifying the features that are present in the accoustic patte
  651 bytes (98 words) - 17:05, 29 June 2014
• Morpheme
  ...component of a word that (a) seems to contribute some sort of meaning, or a grammatical function to the word to which it belongs, and (b) cannot itself ...l. A number of linguists dispute the explanatory power of the morpheme as a theoretical construct, and also dispute the notion that the morpheme has an
  2 KB (238 words) - 16:42, 13 September 2018
• Eliyunint/test
  .... The enjoyment derived from using and encountering slang is, on occasion, a form of aesthetic gratification. * ''Stoned/stoner'': stoned, if used by a sixty-year-old, means someone who’s very drunk, but in the twenty-first c
  2 KB (397 words) - 13:39, 15 May 2024
• Valency-changing operation
  ...c and/or morphological [[operation]] due to which the relationship between a [[verb]] and its [[argument]]s is changed.
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• Meaning
  '''Meaning''' is a central notion of [[semantics]] und [[pragmatics]]. ...derable overlap in the use of the relevant terms and, as a consequence, to a rather vague concept of what meaning is.
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• Word syntax
  ...accounted for by a context free [[phrase structure grammar]]. She proposes a variant of the so-called [[X-bar schema]]. The maximal projection of W(ord)
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• Communicative dynamism
  ...n free-order languages like Czech. The degree of communicative dynamism of a sentence element is the extent to which it pushes the communication forward ...ce Perspective. In ''Sbornik prací filosofické fakulti brnenské universiti A 19/71'', 135-144.'''
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• Pronoun of laziness
  '''Pronoun of laziness''' is a [[pronoun]] which is only partially co-referential with an [[antecedent]]. ...'s hat] to Sarah] with ''his'' a bound variable, ''it'' can be taken to be a copy of its antecedent (x's hat), rather than being co-referential with it.
  1 KB (189 words) - 19:12, 27 September 2014
• Phone
  A '''phone''' is the smallest unit of sound found in language.
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• Speech time
  ...preted. In Reichenbach's theory of tense the speech time is represented by a time point S. The [[reference time]] and [[event time]] are ordered with re
  610 bytes (91 words) - 11:50, 9 June 2009
• Montague Grammar
  ...mal languages can and should be based on the same principles, according to a Universal Grammar, of which the [[Compositionality Principle]] is the most ...nd type logic with [[lambda-abstraction]] which is interpreted relative to a model containing possible worlds and moments of time, and crucial use is ma
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• CNRS-LACITO, Paris
  '''LACITO (Langues et civilisations à tradition orale)''' is a research laboratory of the [[CNRS]] in Villejuif near Paris. Centre A.-G. Haudricourt
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• Peak
  In phonology, '''peak''' is a synonym of [[nucleus]].
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• POS
  '''POS''' is a commonly used (especially in computational linguistics) abbreviation for [[
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• Motherese
  ...simplified grammar. ("Look at the ''doggie''! See the ''doggie''? There's a ''doggie''!")"'' (Pinker 1994:39-40) *''parentese'' (a gender-neutral substitute for motherese that has not caught on)
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• Relational Grammar
  ...[[framework]] that focuses on alternations in [[grammatical relation]]s in a wide variety of languages. Relational Grammar was founded by [[David M. Per *Johnson, David E. 1979. ''Toward a Theory of Relationally Based Grammar.'' New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
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