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• AND node
  ...in neurocognitive linguistics)|node]] in relational network notation. The AND node takes two forms, both of which are defined in this article: * The ''AND node'' of [[compact relational network notation]].
  2 KB (359 words) - 02:05, 15 October 2017
• Theme and rheme
  ...re terms used widely by 20th century European structuralists for [[topic]] and [[focus]]. The term pair was made widely known by the work of [[Vilém Mathesius]] and others in the [[Prague School]], in the first systematic attempt of studyin
  1 KB (165 words) - 12:35, 4 May 2019
• Role and Reference Grammar
  ...in (1984), Van Valin (ed.) 1993, Van Valin & LaPolla 1997, Van Valin 2005, and Pavey 2010. ...p://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/vanvalin/rrg.html Official Role and Reference Grammar website]
  1 KB (170 words) - 20:52, 25 July 2014
• Principles and Parameters framework
  ...f subsystems of principles, each with one or more parameters of variation, and grammars of particular languages to be determined by fixing parameters in t [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Principles+and+Parameters+framework&lemmacode=434 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  1,017 bytes (144 words) - 19:07, 27 September 2014
• Portal:Tense and aspect
  ...ite">This portal presents the most central topics in the study of<br>tense and aspect.</font> ...(1947)]] -- [[Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense|Huddleston and Pullum (2002)]]
  3 KB (318 words) - 18:17, 21 October 2009
• Ambiguity, Polysemy and Vagueness
  ...se two extremes. The borders between the categories of ambiguity, polysemy and vagueness are fuzzy. Thus, there are lexical examples that can be assigned ...multiple interpretations. In natural language many words, strings of words and sentences are ambiguous, simply because of the fact that numerous words cov
  12 KB (1,883 words) - 16:39, 15 June 2014
• Positive and negative face
  ...n individual's public self-image ([[face (concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs. ...al's personal desires ('''positive face'''). In order to protect one's own and the adressee's face, one has to take care of both levels.
  2 KB (327 words) - 18:59, 27 September 2014
• Aims and methods of quantitative linguistics
  ...ubject to evolutionary processes in analogy to biological organisms, etc.) and, consequently, in the concepts which form the basis of the disciplines. ...with quantitative methods on the basis of quantitative concepts: features and interrelations which can be expressed only by numbers or rankings.
  9 KB (1,442 words) - 10:11, 14 June 2014
• Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense
  .... In "She goes to school" the tense of the verb is present (cf. Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116). ...her" is a perfect form, whereas "He may know her" is unmarked (Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116).
  4 KB (599 words) - 18:20, 27 March 2011
• Role-dominated and reference-dominated languages
  *Foley, William A. & Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. 1980. Role and reference grammar. In: Moravcsik, Edith (ed.) ''Current appproaches to synt
  742 bytes (96 words) - 20:51, 25 July 2014
• De dicto and de re
  The terms ''de re'' (Latin: "about the thing") and ''de dicto'' (Latin: "about what is said") refer to two distinct interpreta ...nce agency is consistently receiving top-secret intelligence information), then (i) would describe Ralph's beliefs ''de dicto'' that somebody is a spy.
  2 KB (357 words) - 01:40, 8 February 2021

Page text matches

• Portal:Philosophy of language
  == Concepts and Terms == == Models and Methods ==
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• Uralic
  ...rn Asia, neighbouring [[Indo-European]] in the West and South and Tungusic and Turkic in the East. Samoyedic (in the Northeast) and Finnic-Ugric.
  477 bytes (69 words) - 17:33, 2 March 2018
• Portal:Philosophy of linguistics
  '''History and Philosophy of Linguistics''' ...oretical topics in theory construction and theory changing (its historical and epistemological evolution) in linguistics. ==
  472 bytes (52 words) - 13:35, 23 May 2013
• Alexander Melville Bell
  ...logical [[phonetics]] and was the author of numerous works on [[orthoepy]] and [[elocution]]. He developed the notational system of [[Visible Speech]].
  281 bytes (36 words) - 12:02, 20 May 2013
• Semivowel
  ...ch like vowels. When /w/ or /j/ are produced slowly enough, the vowels /u/ and /i/ can be heard. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  546 bytes (87 words) - 18:50, 28 October 2014
• Deep dyslexia
  ...rds. Deep dyslexics often use strategies such as [[semantic substitution]] and also substitution of functional words.
  476 bytes (65 words) - 17:27, 27 June 2014
• Accessibility
  ...' if and only if ''i'' is [[c-commanded]] by ''a'' and coindexing of ''a'' and ''i'' would not violate the [[i-within-i condition]]. ...ouns proposed in Higginbotham (1980) which accounts for [[weak crossover]] and [[strong crossover]].
  646 bytes (82 words) - 17:53, 12 June 2014
• Incompatibility
  ...nnot have both properties at the same time (e.g. 'long' and 'short', 'cat' and 'dog'): The term 'imcompatible' is used as both an adjective and a noun, i.e. predicates that are incompatible are also called '[[incompatib
  460 bytes (80 words) - 19:56, 4 July 2014
• Topic-comment-distinction
  ...distinction with the distinction between focus and presupposition or theme and rheme.
  870 bytes (109 words) - 19:12, 29 August 2014
• INFL
  ...en reinterpreted as a conflation of two separate heads [[AGR]] (agreement) and T ([[tense]]). ...on Economy of Derivations and Derivations,'' in:R. Freidin (ed) Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, 417-454, The MITT Press: Cambridge, Mass
  907 bytes (127 words) - 20:48, 3 July 2014
• Reciprocal
  '''Reciprocal'''s behave as [[anaphor]]s with respect to [[binding theory]], and require a plural antecedent (*''that gang hates each other''). (i) [John and Mary]_ican't stand ''each other''_i
  657 bytes (94 words) - 08:28, 28 September 2014
• Articulators
  ...[[larynx]], the [[vocal folds]], trachea, diaphragma, the lungs, the uvula and the jaw bone. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  638 bytes (86 words) - 15:53, 14 September 2014
• Svarabakthi
  An example is the pronunciation of /fil@m/ for 'film' (English and Dutch) and /mel@k/ for 'melk' (Dutch). [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  457 bytes (64 words) - 08:22, 16 August 2014
• ABX discrimination
  ...two stimuli (A and B) are standard, S1 and S2 in a randomly chosen order, and the subjects’ task is to choose which of the two is matched by the final [[Category: Phonetics and phonology]]
  614 bytes (99 words) - 08:56, 14 June 2014
• Referential index
  ...</sub> '' and ''Mary_i saw John_j '' the subscripts i and j are the referential indices (or indexes). * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  775 bytes (112 words) - 09:14, 28 September 2014
• Eastern Saamic
  ...d the [[Peninsula_Eastern_Saamic|peninsular group]] (with [[Kildin Saami]] and [[Ter Saami]]). *Loss of final vowels in third syllables and (except in Inari) in second syllables.
  660 bytes (87 words) - 18:48, 28 June 2014
• Multicultural London English
  ...tion of British English, it incorporates features of Patois, West African and Indian. ...Kerswill, Sue Fox & Eivind Torgersen. 2008. Ethnicity, Friendship Network and Social Practices as the Motor of Dialect Change: Linguistic Innovation in L
  1 KB (140 words) - 09:09, 13 November 2012
• Phi-features
  Grammatical features such as [[person]], [[number]], [[gender]] and [[case]]. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  488 bytes (64 words) - 18:46, 27 September 2014
• Foreignism
  ...eignism can be said to be intermediate between an established loanword and and a [[singly occurring codeswitch]], although the term ''foreignism'' tends t
  606 bytes (84 words) - 16:34, 29 June 2014
• Szasa/Draft
  ...nglish: Exploring the impact of Denglisch and Anglicisms in German culture and identity.<br> Safina, Farida. (2024). "Denglish" The Fusion of German and English. Vol. 2. 286-292.<br>
  690 bytes (96 words) - 07:31, 6 May 2024
• ToBI
  ...are distinctively marked by other phonological means). Because intonation and prosodic organisation differ from language to language, or even from [[dial * Silverman, Beckman, Pitrelli, Ostendorf, Wightman, Price, Pierrehumbert, and Hirschberg 1992. ''ToBI: a standard for labelling English prosody,'' In Pro
  1 KB (193 words) - 09:46, 17 August 2014
• Superlative
  ...is characteristic of [[adjective]]s, and which opposes to the [[positive]] and [[comparative]]. ...-longest'', the first one is the positive form, the second the comparative and the third the superlative.
  513 bytes (68 words) - 08:17, 16 August 2014
• Phoneme
  In [[phonology]] and [[phonetics]], a '''phoneme''' is a phonological [[segment]] that can disti ...r'') are not two phonemes since they cannot distinguish two words: *[be:t] and *[be.r].
  1 KB (168 words) - 19:57, 24 July 2010
• Transcription
  ...is added by way of [[diacritic]]s, e.g. aspiration on syllable-initial /p/ and nasalisation on the vowel in the English word 'pin'. * [http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipachart.html IPA symbols for broad and narrow transcription]
  872 bytes (123 words) - 19:47, 29 August 2014
• Principles and Parameters framework
  ...f subsystems of principles, each with one or more parameters of variation, and grammars of particular languages to be determined by fixing parameters in t [http://www2.let.uu.nl/UiL-OTS/Lexicon/zoek.pl?lemma=Principles+and+Parameters+framework&lemmacode=434 Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics]
  1,017 bytes (144 words) - 19:07, 27 September 2014
• Rule feature
  ...th:teeth'' can be accounted for by assuming that the words ''foot, goose'' and ''tooth'', have a rule feature [+U] which triggers the phonological umlaut * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
  934 bytes (134 words) - 14:52, 5 October 2014
• Voiced
  In English [b] and [d] are [+voiced] as opposed to [p] and [t] which are [-voiced], i.e. voiceless. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  571 bytes (79 words) - 15:16, 10 June 2009
• Boolesche Anfrage
  ...aussehen: ''Computerlinguistik AND Informatik AND Universität AND Schweiz AND NOT (Genf OR Lausanne)''
  587 bytes (78 words) - 17:13, 21 June 2014
• Text-to-Speech
  ...intonation contour), the [[grapheme-phoneme conversion]], and assimilation and coarticulation rules.
  1,013 bytes (133 words) - 08:04, 17 August 2014
• Syntactic relation
  A '''syntactic relation''' is a relation holding between a [[constituent]] and the clause that it forms part of. * [[object]] (direct and indirect)
  267 bytes (35 words) - 16:17, 27 July 2014
• Voice disorders
  ...an inability to hit high notes, constant breathiness, pain in the throat, and tremor (a shaky voice). ...in the mouth, throat, or nose, infections, asthma are examples of disease and trauma which may affect the vocal structures.
  1 KB (188 words) - 18:20, 4 September 2014
• AGR
  '''AGR''' is the person and number feature complex in finite [[INFL]]. Since Pollock (1989): a functional head containing [[agreement]] features and/or an [[agreement]] [[suffix]] which projects its own syntactic [[X-bar sch
  733 bytes (91 words) - 17:24, 12 June 2014
• Structural ambiguity
  ...tructures can be assigned to one string of words. The expression ''old men and women'' is structurally ambiguous because it has the following two structur (i) old [men and women]
  585 bytes (82 words) - 09:04, 10 August 2014
• Sibilant
  ...nt''' is a [[fricative]] speech [[sound]] with high [[frequency]] (/s, sh/ and their [[voiced]] cognates). [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  355 bytes (45 words) - 19:16, 28 October 2014
• Reciprocal situation
  ...ic relation between A and B is the same as the semantic relation between B and A.
  393 bytes (54 words) - 08:33, 28 September 2014
• Fixed-context assumption
  ...Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219 * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  830 bytes (106 words) - 03:37, 18 May 2009
• Journal of Quantitative Linguistics
  ...and discussion of research on the quantitative characteristics of language and text in an exact mathematical form. Specifically, JQL publishes on: ...stochastic processes, differential and difference equations, fuzzy logics and set theory, function theory etc.), on all levels of linguistic analysis.</l
  2 KB (224 words) - 07:02, 12 July 2014
• Filter (syntax)
  (i) for all X,Y subset E: (X in Q and Y in Q) &lt;=&gt; intersection(X,Y) in Q ...me'' N and ''most'' N are not. This accounts for the contrast between (ii) and (iii):
  1 KB (188 words) - 16:20, 29 June 2014
• Sonorant
  ...al cords]] vibrate spontaneously (i.e. [[vowel]]s, [[glide]]s, [[liquid]]s and [[nasal]]s). [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  404 bytes (57 words) - 07:48, 3 November 2014
• Occurrence
  ...subsumes [[activity|activities]], [[accomplishment]]s and [[achievement]]s and contrasts with [[state]]s. ...h activities, the progressive aspect denotes the continuation of an action and with accomplishments it refers to the “preparatory process leading toward
  1 KB (158 words) - 16:59, 18 July 2014
• Generative linguistics
  ...[[Minimalist Program]], [[Government and Binding]] theory and [[Principles and Parameters]] are among its best-known representatives. Generative linguisti ...lso be considered generative, in particular [[Role and Reference Grammar]] and [[Functional Grammar]].
  908 bytes (122 words) - 17:22, 29 June 2014
• AND node
  ...in neurocognitive linguistics)|node]] in relational network notation. The AND node takes two forms, both of which are defined in this article: * The ''AND node'' of [[compact relational network notation]].
  2 KB (359 words) - 02:05, 15 October 2017
• Homorganic
  ...iculation]]. The term is typically used for sequences of a [[nasal]] stop and another consonant, such as [nd] or [mp].
  289 bytes (42 words) - 20:25, 3 July 2014
• Taxonomy
  ...elationship between the [[hyperonym]] 'woman' and the [[hyponym]]s 'queen' and 'mother' does not instatiate a taxonymy, as neither a queen nor a mother is * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  716 bytes (115 words) - 16:33, 27 July 2014
• Propositional letters
  ...opositional letters should be distinguished from metavariables such as phi and psi which are used in the definitions of the logic. See also </nowiki>[[pro * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  875 bytes (122 words) - 19:14, 27 September 2014
• Phonetics
  ...which looks at pathological instances of speech production and perception and studies how to correct deficiencies. [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
  1 KB (155 words) - 18:47, 2 June 2015
• Split antecedent
  ...fers to both Peter and Mary. It is said that PRO has the two NPs ''Peter'' and ''Mary'' as a split antecedent. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  623 bytes (87 words) - 13:26, 9 June 2009
• Alveolar ridge
  .... It can be felt as a region of small ridges between the back of the teeth and the roof of the mouth. [[Consonant]]s that are produced with constrictions *Roach, Peter. 2004. ''English Phonetics and Phonology''. Cambridge University Press.
  509 bytes (74 words) - 19:57, 24 July 2010
• Transformational rule
  ...ructure]] is derived from [[d-structure]] by means of [[transformation]]s, and [[Logical Form]] is derived from S-structure in a similar way. See [[affect * Riemsdijk, H. van and E. Williams 1986. ''Introduction to the theory of grammar,'' MIT Press, Cam
  662 bytes (84 words) - 19:48, 29 August 2014
• Ngram frequency
  ...Bigram frequency is considered to be a measure of orthographic regularity and normally has a negative correlation with response times in psycho-linguisti ...dog' will then become '_dog_' and now contains 4 bigrams: '_d', 'do', 'og' and 'g_'.
  1,021 bytes (165 words) - 16:38, 18 July 2014
• Information packaging
  ...ontrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and. Point of View. Subject and Topic, ed. Charles Li. New York: Academic Press. ...formation packaging in the clause. In T. Shopen, eds., ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description'', 282-364. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  531 bytes (63 words) - 14:53, 5 July 2009
• Velum
  ...uth]], behind the [[palate]], that acts as a valve between the [[pharynx]] and the [[nasal cavity]]. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  380 bytes (54 words) - 09:03, 30 August 2014
• History of writing
  ...Development and place of origin are discussed controversally in literature and still not clear yet. ...mesopotamia 3000 B.C. 1500 B.C. writing was developed anew by the Chinese and the latest independent form of wiriting was to come from Mesoamerica - the
  1 KB (178 words) - 12:54, 10 May 2016
• Felicity condition
  (i) I hereby declare you husband and wife * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  672 bytes (94 words) - 03:37, 18 May 2009
• S-structure
  ...re]] by [[transformational rule]]s, and input to the rules deriving [[PF]] and [[LF]]. S-structure is the [[T-model]] equivalent of [[surface structure]] * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  610 bytes (78 words) - 15:56, 5 October 2014
• Process
  ...rovided by Vendler (1957), '''processes''' subsume [[activity|activities]] and [[accomplishment]]s, but not [[achievement]]s (which are [[punctual]]).
  343 bytes (43 words) - 19:53, 20 July 2014
• Structural case
  ...s assigned in a certain structural configuration, depending on government (and adjacency) only (as opposed to [[inherent case]]). ...posed that a verb assigns structural Accusative case to its NP complement, and that Nominative case is assigned by the finite inflection [[INFL]] to the c
  1 KB (146 words) - 09:05, 10 August 2014
• Disjunctive ordering
  ...[rule interaction]], introduced by Chomsky &amp; Halle (1968). Two rules A and B are ordered disjunctively if rule B may not be applied to the output of r rule (a) and (b) are two rules among the stress rules of English:
  1 KB (193 words) - 16:17, 3 August 2014
• Leftness condition
  ...iche 1982. ''Variables and the Bijection Principle,'' Kaye, J., H. Koopman and D. Sportiche (eds.), Projet sur les langues kru: Premier rapport, pp.176-20
  658 bytes (91 words) - 02:59, 6 August 2021
• International Phonetic Alphabet
  ...t of symbols associated with speech sounds, designed for use in describing and comparing the pronunciations of all of the spoken languages of the world. I * [[Pulmonic consonants]] (organized by [[Place of articulation|place]] and [[Manner of articulation|manner]] of articulation)
  1 KB (205 words) - 20:13, 2 June 2015
• Relational
  ...e interpreted, e.g. ''president'' (of a given institution or organization) and ''similar'' (to something).
  461 bytes (71 words) - 20:09, 25 July 2014
• Variable (Semantics)
  ...r order logic and type logic variables can also range over sets, relations and functions of diverse complexity. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  691 bytes (99 words) - 08:58, 30 August 2014
• Sound change typology
  ...ied and grouped together according to the type of change, its conditioning and other factors. ...in which languages it occurred, and collections of attested sound changes then may show how frequent this type of change is. Some changes are very common,
  836 bytes (127 words) - 08:44, 10 August 2014
• Timbre
  ...can judge that two sounds similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. Put more simply, it relates to the '''sound quality''
  438 bytes (64 words) - 09:45, 17 August 2014
• Neurological plausibility
  ...ic structure needs to be consistent with what is known about the structure and operation of the brain. This is the requirement of '''neurological plausibi
  863 bytes (120 words) - 19:04, 28 January 2018
• Sister
  ...]] there is a node C (their [[mother]]) which immediately dominates both A and B.
  349 bytes (50 words) - 07:28, 3 November 2014
• Arbitrariness of the sign
  ...poetic]] words) and [[icon]]s. Signs with an arbitrary association of form and meanings are called [[symbol]]s.
  613 bytes (94 words) - 17:34, 18 June 2014
• Referential opacity
  ...rty of [[word]]s which entails that it is impossible to 'see inside' them, and refer to their parts by using an [[anaphor]]ic device such as a [[pronoun]] ...arise through the anaphoric relation that is possible in ''he took the tea and poured it into the cup''. Referential opacity is closely related to the pro
  842 bytes (134 words) - 09:14, 28 September 2014
• Predicate logic
  ...idual terms. The basic expressions are predicates and individual constants and variables instead of propositions. ...ormulas to be quantified (into) by means of the [[existential quantifier]] and the [[universal quantifier]].
  1 KB (179 words) - 19:02, 27 September 2014
• Upward monotonicity
  '''Upward monotonicity''' is a property of [[determiner]]s and [[quantifier]]s in [[Generalized Quantifier]] Theory. A determiner D is lef ...one and right upward monotone; see the validity of the implications in (i) and (ii) respectively:
  1 KB (181 words) - 16:55, 24 August 2014
• Windowing
  ...t are at full amplitude. Two types of windows are the '''Hamming window''' and the '''rectangular window'''. The Hamming window reduces the amplitudes of
  928 bytes (144 words) - 15:50, 7 September 2014
• Formal universal
  ...''formal universal''' has been used for a restriction on the abstract form and general organization of grammatical rules. ''Formal universal'' is often co ...nsformational rules, or the division of the grammar into surface structure and deep structure, or restrictions of transformations to [[move alpha]] or to
  596 bytes (79 words) - 16:35, 29 June 2014
• Oral cavity
  ...uially as the ''mouth'', is the resonating chamber between the [[pharynx]] and the lips. It is the final resonating chamber of the [[vocal tract]]. [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
  338 bytes (44 words) - 18:55, 21 September 2014
• S-selection
  ...-selection (e.g. by rules of canonical structural realization). Next to s- and c-selection, some assume m(orphological)-selection, which applies word-inte * Chomsky, N. 1986a. ''Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use,'' Praeger, New York.
  2 KB (234 words) - 15:15, 5 October 2014
• Syntactic complexity
  ...cs]], it is also connected with [[position]] (within a mother constituent) and [[length]] (measured in terms of the number of terminal nodes. <br> *Hawkins, John (1994): ''A performance theory of order and constituency''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  1 KB (144 words) - 09:55, 14 September 2014
• Montague Grammar
  ...a that the meaning theories for natural languages and formal languages can and should be based on the same principles, according to a Universal Grammar, o ...es quantifier scope, opaque contexts, conjunction, infinitival complements and relative clauses.
  2 KB (304 words) - 18:24, 21 September 2014
• AX discrimination
  ...iminated, there are four possible sequences: (S1, S1), (S2, S2), (S1, S2), and (S2, S1). The subject has to respond "same" or "different".
  432 bytes (66 words) - 17:28, 12 June 2014
• Syntagmatic relationship of sense
  ''blond'' and ''hair'', ''kick'' and ''foot''
  386 bytes (41 words) - 16:12, 27 July 2014
• Syntagmatic relation
  ''blond'' and ''hair'', ''kick'' and ''foot''
  382 bytes (41 words) - 16:19, 27 July 2014
• Parameter
  ...ters specify certain options: the [[core-grammar]] of a specific language, then, is the result of the specific setting of these parameters. ...vides an explanation for systematic syntactic variation between languages, and puts restrictions on the number of choices which the language learner has t
  1 KB (158 words) - 18:59, 21 September 2014
• Reciprocal construction
  ...tion between A and B is the same as the semantic relation between B and A, and if a special construction is used to denote such a situation. A reciprocal ...constructions that one of the arguments denotes a set A as specified above and that the basic argument structure of the relevant predicate is reduced or c
  1 KB (215 words) - 17:35, 24 July 2014
• Formula
  ...every expression defined by the syntactic rules of [[propositional logic]] and [[predicate logic]] in a finite number of steps. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  417 bytes (58 words) - 16:36, 29 June 2014
• Role and Reference Grammar
  ...in (1984), Van Valin (ed.) 1993, Van Valin & LaPolla 1997, Van Valin 2005, and Pavey 2010. ...p://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/vanvalin/rrg.html Official Role and Reference Grammar website]
  1 KB (170 words) - 20:52, 25 July 2014
• Aspiration
  In some languages (cf. English) aspiration is predictable and position-bound. *Kenstowicz, M. and C. Kisseberth. 1979. ''Generative Phonology: Description and Theory.'' New York: Academic Press.
  707 bytes (98 words) - 19:13, 13 May 2010
• Acceptable
  ...the syntactic rules of its language. It only refers to its intelligibility and likelihood of production according to judgments made by native speakers of An acceptable (and grammatical) sentence of English:
  1 KB (163 words) - 09:09, 14 June 2014
• Theta criterion
  ...ssociated with a theta-assigner (typically a verb) must be assigned to one and only one argument.
  358 bytes (53 words) - 08:56, 26 May 2013
• Partial assimilation vs. total assimilation
  ...e assimilated sound retains at least one of its original phonetic features and adopts only some of the phonetic features of another sound. (Thus, Old Engl [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
  604 bytes (79 words) - 08:21, 20 July 2014
• Right node raising
  ...of the identical constituents (''the book'') to the right of the sentence, and deleting the identical originals (indicated by e). (i) a [[John saw the book] and [Bill bought the book]]
  893 bytes (135 words) - 18:19, 28 September 2014
• Meronymy
  ...olds between an entity and its parts. The whole is also called [[holonym]] and each part of it a [[meronym]].
  271 bytes (42 words) - 14:09, 14 June 2009
• Adpositional phrase
  ...adpositional phrase''' is a phrase consisting of a [[head]] [[adposition]] and its complement (generally a [[noun phrase]]). ...of these, it is also used as an abbreviation for ''adpositional phrase'' (and of course [[AP]] is already taken, as an abbreviation of [[adjective phrase
  734 bytes (89 words) - 17:07, 18 June 2014
• Layering
  ...ions are continually emerging, and older layers may remain to coexist with and interact with the newer layers. Thus, at any synchronic moment, more than o
  472 bytes (63 words) - 15:50, 5 June 2009
• Absolute
  * Nouns: ''man'', ''table'' and ''war'' * Adjectives ''blue'', ''old'' and ''long''
  353 bytes (48 words) - 17:01, 18 June 2014
• Synthesis-by-rules
  ...human speaker are imitated. Explicit knowledge about the sound components and accomodation rules is used to define the characteristics of the speech.
  478 bytes (63 words) - 16:15, 8 July 2009
• Theme (vs. rheme)
  ...rm for [[topic]]. It is often used in contrast with [[rheme]] (see [[theme and rheme]]). See [[theme and rheme]].
  302 bytes (45 words) - 16:56, 27 July 2014
• Epistemic modality
  ...ty, along with [[agent-oriented modality]], [[speaker-oriented modality]], and [[subordinate modality]].
  922 bytes (113 words) - 15:47, 5 June 2009
• Back
  The vowel [u] differs from [i] in that [u] is characterized by [+back] and [i] by [-back]. ..., Naom A. & Halle, M. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
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• Agent-oriented modality
  ...ate modality]]. Agent-oriented modality “reports the existence of internal and external conditions on an agent with respect to the completion of the actio
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• Logic
  ...xclusively true or false) three-valued logics (true, false and indefinite) and other many-valued logics have been defined. The characteristic of these lan * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Complementizer (in X-bar theory)
  ...lexically instantiated by [[complementizer]]s and other [[subordinator]]s, and that can serves as a [[landing site]] for all sorts of [[movement]] operati
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• Agglutinating language
  ...hich has a morphological system in which words as a rule are polymorphemic and where each [[morpheme]] corresponds to a single lexical meaning. Classical examples of agglutinating languages are Turkish and Quechua.
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• Absolute threshold
  ...he absence of any external sounds. The manner of presentation of the sound and the method of determining detectability must be specified. [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Wanna-contraction
  ...enomenon is used in an argument to make a distinction between ''wh''-trace and other empty elements, such as NP-trace or PRO. * Lasnik, H. and M. Saito 1984. ''On the nature of proper government,'' Linguistic Inquiry 1
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• Relational network theory
  ...conceptual and phonemic nodes. Information is accessed in a bi-directional and stratum-independent manner.
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• Theme and rheme
  ...re terms used widely by 20th century European structuralists for [[topic]] and [[focus]]. The term pair was made widely known by the work of [[Vilém Mathesius]] and others in the [[Prague School]], in the first systematic attempt of studyin
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• Properness
  ...no dogs in E, then ''all dogs'', for instance denotes the power set of E, and hence is an improper NP. A proper quantifier denotation Q is also called a ...Cooper 1981. ''Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language,'' Linguistics and Philosophy 4, pp. 159-219
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• That-trace effect
  ...e extracted when it follows ''that''. This is shown by the contrast in (i) and (ii). * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Mixed category
  ...tax, a '''mixed category''' is a construction which combines the syntactic and morphological properties of two distinct categories, such as noun and verb, while being headed by a single word.
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• Tarski's truth definition
  ...on''' is a definition which formalizes the relation between a [[sentence]] and its [[truth value]]. The definition formalizes what Wittgenstein (1922) des (i) For any S in L and any v, S is true in v if and only if p.
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• Sense relation
  * Sense relations of inclusion, esp. [[hyponymy]] and [[synonymy]] * Sense relations of exclusion, esp. [[complementarity]] and [[antonymy]] (both of which are instances of the relationship of [[incompat
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• T-model
  The '''T-Model''' is a model of grammar prevalent in the [[Principles and Parameters framework]], which has the general structure in (i): ...hree syntactic levels of representation (DS, SS, LF) is subject to debate, and may vary across languages.
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• Stage
  ...otemporal slice'). The subjects in (i)a refer to stages of the object John and the kind dog, respectively, to which a transient, temporary predicate appli ...ual level interpretation: in (ii) ''John'' and ''dogs'' refer to an object and a kind rather than a spatiotemporal instance.
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• Stratum (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...a general theme of three major systems, phonological, lexico-grammatical, and semantic-conceptual. Relations between strata are called [[realization|re ...ammatical phrases), lexotactics (the structures of clauses and sentences), and semotactics (the structure of thoughts, ideas, procedures, rituals, etc.)
  2 KB (237 words) - 06:10, 8 October 2017
• Tone
  ...ns occur in languages. A high tone is usually indicated with an acute (tá) and a low tone with a grave (tà). ...tone realized on the same vowel. We distinguish between a rising tone (te) and a falling tone (tà). Contour tones are often analysed as complex tones. Se
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• Segment (in syntax)
  ...] structure like (i), the category A consists of two segments, the upper A and the lower A. * Lasnik, H. and M. Saito 1992. ''Move alpha: conditions on its application and output,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Coordination
  ...[[semantic role]]. The two syntactic elements are called [[coordinand]]s, and the linking element is called [[coordinator]]. ...n which two or more units of the same type are combined into a larger unit and still have the same semantic relations with other surrounding elements."''
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• Theme (semantic role)
  ''the glass'' is a theme both in (i)a (location) and (i)b (relocation). ...change of state, and the notion applies to ''the glass'' in (ii)a (state) and (ii)b (change of state) as well.
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• Valency
  ...argument-taking potential of [[verb]]s, and sometimes also [[adjective]]s and [[noun]]s. ...the door'' [THEME] ''with his key'' [INSTRUMENT]), while the verbs ''ran'' and ''arrive'' are only associated with the Agent role (''Bill ran'') or Theme
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• Compensatory lengthening
  ...ss of the ''s'' is made up for by lengthening the preceding vowel in Attic and the following consonant in Lesbian. ...ng across languages is a strong argument for the separation of the melodic and the temporal aspects of speech, that is, for the [[autosegmental]] model of
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• Variety (Semantics)
  ...r never yield a true sentence. A determiner has the property of variety if and only if in a domain of entities E condition (i) holds. ...nations of certain determiners, such as ''one or no'' and ''at least three and at most two'', do not.
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• Thetic vs. categorical
  ...used in [[information structure]] studies for topicless, all-new sentences and sentences with a topic. The term pair was made popular in linguistics by Kuroda 1972 and Sasse 1987. Kuroda adopted it from the philosopher Brentano.
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• Semantic representation
  ...omous level of representation related to deep structure, surface structure and/or LF. See [[meaning theories]]. * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Verb movement
  ...guages the verb moves to I to pick up morphological inflection ( [[tense]] and/or [[agreement]]). ...'kus'' is moved to I, and [[adjoin]]ed to it, to pick up the affix -''t'', and the resulting complex subsequently moves to COMP.
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• Active articulator
  ...'active articulator''' is the part of the mouth that carries out movements and whose position with respect to the [[passive articulator]] defines the [[pl [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Dual mechanism theory
  The Dual Mechanism theory also known as the "words and rules" theory was summarised in [[Steven Pinker]]'s book of the same name. It is the theory that regular past tense verbs are generated by rules and the irregular [[past tense]] verbs are stored in the [[lexicon]].
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• Precedence ordering
  ...ce ordering''' is a property of [[relational network|relational networks]] and of [[realizational formula|realizational formulae]] -- a property found in ...lationship, there is no temporal ordering as in the case of the [[AND node|AND]] relationship.
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• Grammatical
  A grammatical (and acceptable) sentence of English: A grammatical (and unacceptable) sentence of English:
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• Major theories of tense
  * [[Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense|Huddleston and Pullum (2002)]] ...theories of Reichenbach (1947), Comrie (1985), Klein (1994) and Huddleston and Pullum (2002) are based on comparable primitives
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• Suprasegmental
  ...ech are [[pitch]] (intonation), [[stress]], [[loudness]], [[speech rate]], and [[voice quality]] (e.g. whisper, breathy voice etc.). [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Core
  ...e clause]]), the '''core''' is the part that consists of the [[predicate]] and its [[core argument|argument]]s. The core is opposed to the [[periphery]] o
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• Staffeiri speech
  ...n be brought into the esophagus. The air can be vibrated in the esophagus, and the speech thus produced is called '''Staffeiri speech'''.
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• Deontic modality
  ...tic modality''' is a kind of [[modality]] having to do with [[permission]] and [[obligation]]. ...isions of modality. Palmer (2001: 9-10) prefers to regard deontic modality and [[dynamic modality]] as the major subdivisions of [[event modality]], the b
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• Mutual situation
  ...ic relation between A and B is the same as the semantic relation between B and A. The two participants standing in a mutual situation are called [[mutuant
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• Indo-European
  ...ean colonialism. Originally, this language family was spoken from Northern and Western Europe to Northern India. ...an languages, especially [[Sanskrit]], the ancient holy language of India, and the work of the Sanskrit Grammarians. The study of Indo-European languages
  773 bytes (105 words) - 20:02, 4 July 2014
• Linguistic activity
  ...hould also add the processes of learning how to engage in these activities and expanding our capabilities, for example by the learning of new lexemes.
  803 bytes (111 words) - 06:07, 8 October 2017
• Rekonstruktion
  *Fox, Anthony. 1995. ''Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method''. Oxford University Press. *Hoenigswald, Henry M.. 1960. ''Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction''. University of Chicago Press.
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• Article
  ...(new or given status. Sometimes these notions of specificity, definiteness and information status are summed up in the term "identifiability". Articles ca ...rkers often stem from very different sources (numerals and demonstratives) and need not be similar in formal expression or position.
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• Amplitude
  ...e movement of the particle, the greater the amplitude of its displacement, and the louder the resulting sound. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Redundancy
  ...ects, a given segments contains information about the surrounding segments and may provide a clue to perception of a segment th at is not heard directly. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Von Kempelen talking machine
  ...unvoiced [[consonant]]s could be generated. Bellows were used to expel air and this air was passed through a vibrating reed. Unvoiced sounds were produced with the reed off, and by a turbulent flow through a suitable passage. Von Kempelen claimed that,
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• Subject
  ...for an unique entity in philosophy. This entity owns unique consciousness and unique experiences. ...out whom the sentence is made. The subject agrees with the verb in numerus and genus (only with a finite active verb; in passive constructions the subject
  963 bytes (153 words) - 13:10, 13 May 2016
• Root compound
  ...ent of the embedded verb ''drive''. The distinction between root compounds and synthetic compounds has played a major role in theoretical discussions sinc * Lieber, R. 1983. ''Argument Linking and Compounds in English,'' Linguistic Inquiry 14:2, pp.251-285, MIT Press, Cam
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• Clicks
  ...ract at two positions, enlarging the air space between the two blocks, and then reopening the tract.
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• Categorical perception
  the difference between the phonemes /d/ and /t/ in 'bead' and 'beat' ...listeners learns to be sensitive to differences between phoneme categories and, at the same time, to be less sensitive to differences within a [[phoneme]]
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• Sydney M. Lamb
  '''Sydney M. Lamb''' is the Arnold Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Cognitive Science at Rice University. *Website: [http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/ LangBrain: Language and Brain: Neurocognitive Linguistics]
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• Undergoer (in RRG)
  ...oer''' is one of the two [[semantic macrorole]]s ([[actor (in RRG)|actor]] and undergoer). Normally, the undergoer is the most patient-like argument, whil
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• Strength
  ...ntains the denotation of the CN (common noun). An NP is negative strong if and only if its denotation never contains the denotation of the CN. An NP which ...ere are at least two dogs in the domain E). The distinction between strong and weak determiners can be used to account for the contrast in (ii)-(iv) (due
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• Relative clause
  ...rase plays a [[semantic role]]. It is introduced by a [[relative pronoun]] and which modifies its [[NP]] [[antecedent]]. ...ari'' is the antecedent of the relative clause ''which I can't afford e'', and ''which'' is the relative pronoun. The relative clause always contains a ga
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• Speech rate
  ...'Articulation Rate and Its Variability in Spontaneous Speech: A Reanalysis and Some Implications,'' Phonetica 41, 215-225
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• Strident
  ...urfaces, producing high-intensity [[fricative]] [[noise]]. Only fricatives and [[affricate]]s are [+strident]. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• There-insertion
  ...now usually analyzed with the expletive base-generated in subject position and the logical subject adjoined or attached to VP. See [[CHAIN]], [[Definitene * Chomsky, N. 1986a. ''Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use,'' Praeger, New York.
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• Reverberation
  ...use of the [[interference]] patterns, sounds will be louder in some places and softer in others.
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• Reference
  ...me in both cases. Reference and sense are often equated with [[extension]] and [[intension]]. :::"We will say that the relationship which which holds between words and things..." (Lyons 1968:404)
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• Split-Morphology Hypothesis
  ...thesis has been endorsed by Anderson (1977,1982,1988) Scalise (1984,1988), and Perlmutter (1988). ...'The Split-morphology Hypothesis: evidence from Yiddish,'' in: Hammond, M. and M. Noonan (eds.) Theoretical Morphology: Approaches in Modern Linguistics,
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• Eliyunint/test
  What's the difference with jargon and is it actually the same? ...lova, G. A., Zamaletdinova, G. R., & Zholshayeva, M. S. (2017). Linguistic and social features of slang. International Journal of Scientific Study, 5(6),
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• 2AFC discrimination
  ...''Two alternatives forced choice discrimination''. The possible stimuli S1 and S2 come from two categories. Both alternatives are presented on every trial [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Syllabic
  * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
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• Thyroid
  ...itioned anterior to the [[arytenoid]] cartilages, which its sides enclose, and superior to the [[cricoid]] cartilage. It forms an angle in the front that
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• Tone language
  In some languages (mainly found in South-East Asia and Africa), the [[tone]] carried by a [[word]] determines the meaning of that [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Cooperative Principle
  ...akers can be expected to observe in a [[discourse]], as part of a rational and purposeful exchange of information: ...our [[Gricean maxims|Maxims]] (of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner) and used it to explain conversational implicatures.
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• Vowel space
  ...fferent vowels are produced with respect to the position of the [[tongue]] and which are the maximal values or corners of the vowel space. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Speaker's reference
  ...of its [[meaning]]. Kripke (1977) argued that [[referential noun phrase]]s and [[attributive noun phrase]]s have the same semantic reference but possibly ...Speakers Reference and Semantic Reference,'' in:P.A. French, T.E. Uehling, and H.K. Wettstein (eds.), Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Langu
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• Anaphor
  ...tecedent: ''himself'' does not agree in person features with ''I'' in (b), and ''John'' is outside the [[binding domain]] in (c). *Fiengo, R. and R. May. 1994. ''Indices and identity.'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Comrie's (1985) theory of tense
  ==Absolute and relative tense== ...se]]s, the "reference point is established relative to the present moment, and a situation is located in time relative to that reference point" (Comrie 19
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• Theta-position
  ...and ''the apples'' are in a theta-position being theta-marked as [[Agent]] and [[Theme]]. But the verb ''seems'' in (i) does not assign a theta-role to it The positions in (i) containing ''John'' and its [[trace]] t_iare both A-positions, but only the position of
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• Mixed language
  ...on its exact definition, and in particular on the inclusion of [[pidgin]]s and [[creole]]s. ...[[creole]]s, whose lexicon typically derives mainly from a single language and whose grammar cannot be traced to any single language.
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• Window model
  ...height) in case the segment is specified + or - for a particular feature, and broad in case the segment is specified neutrally. This means that + or - sp ...early on in the vowel. French, on the other hand, does have nasal vowels, and to avoid confusion, nasalisation should not be perceptible too early on in
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• Relativization
  ...der identity (''the man''), insertion of a [[relative pronoun]] (''who''), and [[wh-movement|''wh''-movement]]. This analysis has been replaced by one in * Smits, R.J.C. 1989. ''The relative and cleft constructions of the Germanic and Romance languages,'' doct. diss. KUB, Tilburg, Dordrecht: Foris, 1988.
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• Topic chaining
  ...aining and dominance-chaining. In: Tobin, Yishai (ed.) ''The Prague School and its legacy.'' Amsterdam: Benjamins, 145-153.
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• Template morphology
  ...mp; Morgan (1980)), Arabic (McCarthy (1981)), Sierra Miwok (Smith (1985)), and Yawelmani (Archangeli (1984)).
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• Analysis-by-synthesis
  ...t. Apart from that, the resulting synthesised sounds provide new insights, and speech synthesis is therefore a method of speech analysis. [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Dissociative attitude
  ...'dissociative attitude''' applies to attitudes such as scepticism, mockery and rejection, i.e. attitudes in which speakers distance themselves from the co ...on some perceived discrepancy between the way it represents the world and and the way things actually are ..." (Wilson 2006: 1724)
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• Vocal folds
  ...air, producing [[voiced]] sounds. The number of times the vocal folds open and close per second is the [[frequency]] of vocal fold vibration (the [[fundam
  987 bytes (154 words) - 14:59, 10 June 2009
• Synthetic compound
  ...hose [[head]] is [[derivation|derived]] from a [[verb]] by [[affixation]], and where the non-head fulfills the function of [[argument]] or [[complement]] The English compounds ''truck driver, truck driving, fast acting'' and ''pan fried'' are synthetic compounds. Synthetic compounds have played a ma
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• Deictic pronoun
  ...f ''you'' and ''me'' in ''you will get to know me better'' are the speaker and the addressee(s) of this utterance. Deictic pronouns are often opposed to [
  559 bytes (78 words) - 03:31, 18 May 2009
• S-bar deletion
  ...for the transparency exhibited in the case of [[Exceptional Case Marking]] and [[Subject Raising]]. See [[CP-reduction]]. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Predicate
  ...called [[predicate terms]]. However, the distinction between 'predicates' and 'predicate terms' is often not made, especially in syntactic research. ...vely, inverted commas are often used to mark (semantic) predicates as such and to distinguish them from natural language , e.g. man'(Fred). When a predica
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• Open syllable
  ...(or, alternatively, peak). The English words ''eye'' [aɪ], ''go'' [goʊ], and ''schwa'' [ʃwɑː] exemplify open syllables. [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Plural side
  ...[[AND node]] has two or more lines connected to the top, the plural side, and one connected to the bottom, the singular side.
  588 bytes (95 words) - 06:23, 8 October 2017
• Saamic
  ...rn Europe and may be subdivided in [[Eastern Saamic]], [[Central Saamic]], and [[Southern Saamic]]. The last two groups are often unified as [[Western Saa
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• Theta Criterion
  ...ned over [[LF]] it says that each theta-position is in a unique [[chain]], and that each chain contains a unique theta-position. The theta-criterion accounts for the contrasts in (i) and (ii).
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• VP-adjunction
  ...''?, it is assumed by Chomsky that the object first adjoins to VP and only then moves to spec of CP, resulting in (ii). ...s defined in terms of [[exclusion]], this step voids the barrierhood of VP and thus that of IP, which is inherited from VP. The possibility of adjunction
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• Descriptive meaning
  ...spect of meaning which only concerns the relationship between a given sign and its [[denotation]]. It contrasts with [[non-descriptive meaning]], which co * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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• Wh-movement
  ...overt in English (see [[wh-in-situ]]) it appears to be covert in Chinese, and may be overt or covert in French. * Chomsky, N. 1977b. ''On Wh-movement,'' in: P.W. Culicover, T. Wasw and A. akmajian (eds.) Formal syntax, Academic Press, San Francisco, London.
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• Predication
  ...relation is sometimes defined as a coindexing relation between a predicate and a [[c-command]]ing subject, not only in the case of an [[NP]]-[[VP]] relati
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• Rigid designator
  ...n in every possible world. Kripke accounts for the relation between a name and its bearer by a causal theory of reference: the first use of a name for an * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Temporal organisation
  ...mena with respect to temporal organisation are [[anticipatory shortening]] and [[final lengthening]].
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• Transfer (morphology)
  ...skeleton of the [[parafix]] is associated to the skeleton of the base, and then the relevant melodic information of the base is transferred to the parafix. * McCarthy, J. and A. Prince 1986. ''Prosodic Morphology,'' ms. Univ. of Massachusetts, Brande
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• Developmental plausibility
  ...orate the ability to develop and to acquire new capabilities of production and connectionist theory of Rummelhart and McClellan (1986).
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• Noun (Latin nomen)
  ...n Latin and similar Indo-European languages) a class comprising both nouns and adjectives. ...his terminology is still current in Russian (''imja''), Hebrew (''toʔar'') and other European languages.
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• NP-movement
  ...urs in [[passive]] constructions and [[Raising to Subject]] constructions, and arguably in constructions with [[ergative verb]]s. The trace of NP-movement
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• Tactic pattern
  ...ratum]] has a syntax or '''tactic pattern''', which is also built of lines and nodes. The ''upward'' direction within the tactic pattern leads to differe ...]] that will relate NPs to the different functions they have, like subject and object.
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• Maximal Onset Principle
  ...maximally assigned to the onsets of syllables in conformity with universal and language-specific conditions (see also [[sonority hierarchy]]). * Selkirk, E.O. 1981. ''English Compounding and the Theory of Word-structure,'' in: M. Moortgat, H. Van der Hulst &amp; T.
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• Structure-changing rule
  ...re-changing rule''' is a rule which changes already specified information, and renders the output form distinct from the input. * Archangeli, D. 1984. ''Underspecification in Yawelmani Phonology and Morphology,'' doct. diss, MIT.
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• Meaning
  ...]], etc.) has led to considerable overlap in the use of the relevant terms and, as a consequence, to a rather vague concept of what meaning is. ...words such as [[preposition|prepositions]] and [[connective|connectives]] and manifests itself in areas of grammar such as [[argument structure]], [[TAM]
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• Visibility condition
  ...[[theta-marking]] (which in turn is required by the [[theta criterion]]), and thus subsumes the [[Case filter]]. See also [[Chain condition]]. * Chomsky, N. 1986a. ''Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use,'' Praeger, New York.
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• Bibliographical works on quantitative linguistics
  The most recent and comprehensive '''Bibliography of Quantitative Linguistics''' ('''BQL''') ap ...msterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science : Library and information sources in linguistics ; 25)</li></ul>
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• Universe of discourse
  ...s most certainly not true), or it may be a restricted set of human beings (and the sentence may very well be true). In (i)b the universe of discourse has * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Truth table
  ...gic]]. See [[conjunction]], [[disjunction]], [[negation]], [[equivalence]] and [[implication]]. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Sentence topic vs. discourse topic
  ...made made between the '''sentence topic''', i.e. what a sentence is about, and a '''discourse topic''', i.e. what a discourse is about. ...He really didn't want to leave, but he couldn't afford the rent, you know. And it had such a nice garden in the back!''
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• Accent
  ...part from a pitch change, accent is also accompanied by increased duration and increased amplitude of the accented element. [[Sentence]] or [[utterance]]s [[Category: Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Raising to object
  ...es &amp; Perlmutter suggest that 'Raising to object' is merely a metaphor, and that in fact, the embedded clause in (iii) contains a pro-drop ( [[pro]]) s ...on Economy of Derivations and Derivations,'' in:R. Freidin (ed) Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar, 417-454, The MITT Press: Cambridge, Mass
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• Relativized head
  ...in the sense that one constituent of a complex word is marked as the head, and features marked on this constituent undergo [[Feature Percolation]]. The no ...n Conventions percolate up the feature [+F] from the righthand constituent and [+G] from the lefthand one.
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• Closed syllable
  ...so contains a [[coda]]. The English words ''cat'' [kat], ''mice'' [maɪs], and ''tent'' [tent] exemplify closed syllables. [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Homonymy
  '''Homonymy''' is the phenomenon that one form has two or more meanings and/or syntactic functions. The Dutch word ''bank'' is homonymous, since it can refer to (a) a couch, and (b) a bank. Equivalent to [[ambiguity]].
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• Vowel reduction
  * Kager, R. 1989. ''A Metrical Theory of Sress and Destressing in English and Dutch,'' PhD diss. Utrecht University.
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• X-bar schema
  ...tic categories N, V, A, P, as well as functional categories such as I(NFL) and C(OMP) essentially project the same structure: ...he [[head]] X, and Z" in (i)b is the [[specifier]] of X. X" is equal to XP and is called the maximal projection of X.
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• Semantic interpretation
  * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Trace theory
  ...via its trace. The concept of a trace is crucial to the theory of movement and to [[bounding theory]], because a trace can be treated as an [[empty catego * Chomsky, N. 1986a. ''Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use,'' Praeger, New York.
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• Frequency (Quantitative linguistics)
  ...ts among others, such as length, comlexity, polysemy, age, polytextuality, and homonymy. Laws and hypotheses concerning frequency are based on
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• Human information system
  ...an also be put out in any kind of motor activity such as walking, dancing, and so forth. All of these activities can be studied from an information proce ....google.com/books/about/Language_and_Reality.html?id=vrlPUxB2_JwC Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb], Continuum, 2004.
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• Reanalysis (in diachrony)
  ...reanalysis has occurred. [[Grammaticalization]] always involves reanalysis and analysis, but not all cases of reanalysis or analysis result in grammatical
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• Quantificational noun phrase
  ...scope over ''a book'', and is decomposed into the 'quantifier' ''every x'' and its restriction ''x a girl''.
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• Participle
  ...of a [[verb]], generally with [[adjective|adjectival]] [[external syntax]] and verbal [[internal syntax]]. ...ing'' in (i), the [[participle of the perfect tense]] ''written'' in (ii), and the [[passive participle]] ''written'' in (iii):
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• List of linguistics journals
  *[[Language Typology and Universals (STUF)]] *[[Natural Language and Linguistic Theory]]
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• Readjustment rule
  ...ucture. Second, they change structures such as [[sing] PAST] into ''sung'' and other type of quasi phonological operations to adjust the output of the syn * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
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• Ablative case
  ...nly one of many uses, and in fact other uses (such as the [[instrumental]] and [[manner]] uses) are more prominent in Latin. Still, when used in other lan ..., the [[elative]] 'out of' (= 'away from the inside'), the [[subelative]], and so on. These can be regarded as more specific subtypes of ''ablative''.
  1 KB (203 words) - 21:18, 17 October 2016
• Lexicalist Hypothesis
  ...cannot be used in derivational morphology (= Weak Lexicalist Hypothesis), and (b) a strong version which says that transformations can also not be used i * Chomsky, N. 1970. ''Remarks on Nominalization,'' in: Jacobs, R. and P. Rosenbaum (eds.) Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Blaisdell
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• Biuniqueness
  ...ils that every [[morpheme]] has one phonological form and one [[meaning]], and every [[meaning]] (or grammatical category) corresponds to exactly one phon
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• Level Ordering Hypothesis
  ...', and -''ive'', then we apply the stress rules (''prodúctive''), and only then do we have the chance to add the Class II affix -''ness'', giving ''prodúc
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• Allophone
  ...lementary allophones]] which are distributed throughout speech predictably and with regards to the phonetic environment. Allophones can also be [[free var ...006) did a study on [[Russian]] and [[Korean]] speakers' perception of [t] and [d].
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• Specified subject condition
  ...subject ''John'' in (iii) blocks the binding relation between ''the men'' and ''each other''. In later work, the SSC is subsumed under the [[binding theo ...sky, N. 1982. ''Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• ToDI
  ...f intonation]]). Although similar in many respects, ToDI is less abstract, and easier to apply.
  1 KB (160 words) - 18:42, 29 August 2014
• Compact relational network notation
  ...ry)|lines]] and [[Node_(in_neurocognitive_linguistics)|nodes]] deployed up and down the various [[Stratum (in neurocognitive linguistics)|strata]] of the
  585 bytes (74 words) - 06:13, 8 October 2017
• Lexeme (i.e. set of word-forms)
  ...a major lexical category, having both form and meaning but being neither, and existing outside of any particular syntactic context"'' (Aronoff 1994:11) ...''habemus'' 'we have', ''habebam'' 'I had', ''habebunt'' 'they will have', and so on make up the lexeme ''HABERE''.
  1 KB (171 words) - 16:13, 7 April 2009
• Metatypy
  ...large scale following a model language in which the speakers are bilingual and which is the dominant language of the speakers. ...esponding relational adjective is ''metatypic'' (e.g. "metatypic change"), and the corresponding verb is ''metatypize'' (e.g. "a metatypized language", i.
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• Formulaic language
  ...is sometimes used to refer to multi-word [[collocation]]s which are stored and retrieved holistically rather than being generated de novo with each use. ...guage include [[idiom]]s, [[set expression]]s, [[rhyme]]s, songs, prayers, and [[proverb]]s; they may also be taken to include recurrent turns of phrase w
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• Semantic macrorole
  ...roroles''' are the two generalized semantic roles [[actor (in RRG)|actor]] and [[undergoer (in RRG)|undergoer]]. ...'"The second type of semantic roles is generalized semantic roles, 'actor' and 'undergoer'. These are the two primary arguments of a transitive predicatio
  881 bytes (119 words) - 12:41, 26 July 2014
• Bottom-up
  The distinction between bottom-up and top-down sources of information is often used in models of auditory word re ...n-sensory information (such as knowledge of the word, context information, and lexical knowledge).
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• Southern Saamic
  ...] [[Saamic]]. Two languages are distinguished: [[Ume Saami]] in the north, and [[South Saami]] in the south. ..., leading to the effect that consonantal gradation is reduced in Ume Saami and totally absent from South Saami.
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• Syncretism
  ...glish]] ''bet'' (in ''I bet you ten pounds'') is syncretic between Present and Past, as seen in comparison with I give/gave you ten pounds. ...and and third-person in the plural. This syncretism extends to the first- and third-singular forms in in past-tense.
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• Predicate-argument structure
  ...or adjectives), where the information about the [[theta-grid]] is decoded, and as such is part of the syntactic structure of verbs. In (i) ''break'' is specified as having an [[external argument]] ( [[Agent]]) and an [[internal argument]] ( [[Theme]]).
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• Thematic theory
  ...ural language sentences, which also encompasses quantificational, temporal and modal aspects. ...ch &amp; R.T. Harms (eds.) Universals In Linguistic Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
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• Lexical category
  ..., [[adverb]]s, etc., whereas lexical categories only comprise nouns, verbs and adjectives. Thus, ''lexical category'' is often contrasted with [[functiona Baker, Mark. 2003. ''Lexical categories: nouns, verbs and adjectives.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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• Rich agreement
  ...d to [[license]] the [[empty]] pronominal category [[pro]] (Taraldsen 1978 and much subsequent work). ...nglish translations show, English has a only two different forms (''sing'' and ''sings''), so that the English paradigm does not exemplify rich agreement.
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• Definite description
  ...is a definite description that can only be properly used if France has one and only one king: (ii) a There is at least one king of France, and
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• Extrametricality
  ...re always peripheral (found at one edge of the domain under consideration) and they lose their marking if they are not at the edge of the stress domain in ...noun ''párent'' is lost in the derived word by the Peripherality Condition and the stress rules reapply. Schematized in the grid:
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• Portal:List of portals
  ...ther describe the subject. Portals also help editors find related projects and things they can do to help improve Glottopedia in that area. ...o take responsibility for a particular thematic area, just create a portal and write your name on the corresponding discussion page. At the moment, there
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• Tree of numbers
  ...h of which is represented by an ordered pair x,y where x = |A intersect B| and y = |A - B|. ...f determiners (like [[upward monotonicity]] and [[downward monotonicity]]) and relations between determiners (like negation) can be clarified in the tree
  2 KB (238 words) - 07:35, 30 August 2014
• Descriptive adequacy
  ...od' natural language data, and hence to the concepts of [[grammaticality]] and [[well-formedness]].
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• Perfective
  ...entirety and as complete, regardless of its internal structure. Huddleston and Pullum (2002), basically adopting the model of Klein (1994), define '''perf ...'. The situational focus (SF) is on a situation between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m., and the past tense indicates that within that period of time (TR) the situation
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• Code-mixing
  ...reatment of code-switching and code-mixing as synonymous, however, Sridhar and Sridhar differentiate the two, arguing that code-switching has [[Pragmatics ...In P. Auer (ed.) ''Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity'', 29-48. London: Routledge.
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• Latin
  ...c languages]] phylum of the [[Indoeuropean languages|Indoeuropean family]] and derives in a bunch of languages sprode around Europe, these are called [[Ro Across the time, Latin language evolves and undergo different phases:
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• Third construction
  '''Third Construction''' is a construction typical of [[Dutch]] and [[German]] in which part of an [[infinitival complement]] appears to be [[e ...g feature is the impossibility of [[IPP]] in case of a third construction, and the fact that IPP is obligatory in case of verb raising (cf. (iii).
  2 KB (289 words) - 09:36, 17 August 2014
• Deponency
  ...d) deponency''' has recently been used for a mismatch between the expected and actual function of a morphological form or paradigm. ...reement and vice versa. In Serbo-Croatian, the plural of the word ‘child’ (and some other words designating the young of animals) has the form of a singul
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• Articulation
  ...fold]]s, the position of the [[velum]] and the position of the [[tongue]] and [[lips]]. Any part of the vocal apparatus involved in speech production is
  666 bytes (89 words) - 09:52, 23 May 2014
• Dimension
  ...operty and are '''mutually exclusive'''. For instance, the English present and past tenses [...] are categories of the dimension 'tense'."'' (Haspelmath 2
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• Right upward monotonicity
  ...t [[upward monotonicity|upward monotone]] if and only if for all subsets X and Y of the domain of entities E condition (i) holds. (i) if X in Q and X subset Y, then Y in Q
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• Absolute tense
  ...f utterance. Past tenses locate situations prior to the time of utterance, and future tenses indicate that a situations will take place after the time of ...way split, e.g. distinguishing between past and non-past or between future and non-future.
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• Pronominal
  ...]] of Chomsky (1981), pronominals are marked as [+pronominal, -anaphoric], and are subject to Binding [[condition B]]. ...ory, condition B states that pronominals may either be [[free]] (as in (i) and (ii)b), or [[bound]] (as in (ii)a), but they may not be bound within a spec
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• Vowel
  In [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]], a '''vowel''' is a [[speech sound]] in whose articulation th ...constriction are called [[consonant]]s; sounds intermediate between vowels and consonants are called [[semi-vowel]]s (not "semi-consonants").
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• Stray adjunction
  ...the final syllable of a [[noun]] is extrametrical. After foot construction and word tree construction, the extrametrical syllable is incorporated into the * Liberman, M. and A. Prince 1977. ''On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm,'' Linguistic Inquiry 8, pp. 249-336
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• Word Structure Autonomy Condition
  ...inflection (Chomsky 1957), (b) [[head movement]] analyses (Pollock 1989), and (c) [[incorporation]] analyses (Baker 1988). * Pollock, J.-Y. 1989. ''Verb movement, Universal Grammar, and the structure of IP,'' Linguistic Inquiry 20, pp.365-424
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• Structure-building rule
  ...re-building rule. A property of structure-building rules is that the input and output are non-distinct. * Archangeli, D. 1984. ''Underspecification in Yawelmani Phonology and Morphology,'' doct. diss, MIT.
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• Western Saamic
  ...stern branch of [[Saamic]]. It is further divided into [[Southern Saamic]] and [[Central Saamic]]. ...spread to the westernmost languages of [[Eastern Saamic]] ([[Inari Saami]] and [[Skolt Saami]]):
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• Scrambling
  ...fer to word order variation of argument [[NP]]s with respect to each other and/or with respect to [[adverbial phrase]]s. In [[German]] an object may follow or precede an adverb (object and adverb may be scrambled):
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• Theta-theory
  * Chomsky, N. 1986a. ''Knowledge of language: its nature, origin and use,'' Praeger, New York. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Threshold node
  ...shold of intermediate value; for example, a node with three incoming lines and a threshold of 2 will be satisfied if any two of the incoming lines are act In defining the threshold node, we find that we can derive AND and OR as special cases. But most nodes are of an intermediate type.
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• Referential noun phrase
  ...are proper names and definite noun phrases like ''this book'', ''my car'' and ''John's children''.
  693 bytes (91 words) - 09:14, 28 September 2014
• Speech synthesis
  ...of electronic circuitry, the conversion of analog signals to digital form, and the creation of analog signals from digital information (in this case, soun
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• Tough-movement
  ...sentence]]s such as (i), which are headed by [[predicate]]s like ''tough'' and ''easy''. ...en proposed that ''John'' in (i) is an argument of the adjective ''easy'', and that the CP is a modifying adjunct:
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• Cognitive dome
  ...is the cognitive system itself. Semological structure is the large area at and near the top. ...since what we really have is a separate leg for each perceptual modality, and several to many legs for motor structures, depending on how we choose to co
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• Valency-changing operation
  ...rphological [[operation]] due to which the relationship between a [[verb]] and its [[argument]]s is changed.
  698 bytes (91 words) - 08:56, 30 August 2014
• Caused motion construction
  ...g construable as a suitable patient. Notice that we are talking semantics and not about syntax as traditionally treated. As soon as a speaker can constr *[[Sydney M. Lamb|Lamb, Sydney M.]]. 2004. Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb. London: Continuum.
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• Tautology
  ...n it is true for every possible denotation of the variables and individual and predicate constants that it contains. The formula All(x) [ P(x) v Neg P(x) * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Pronoun of laziness
  ...the sentence to have a logical form like [John:x [x gave [x's hat] to me ] and [Bill:y gave [y's hat] to Sarah] with ''his'' a bound variable, ''it'' can * Partee, B.H. 1978. ''Bound Variables and other Anaphors,'' in:D. Waltz (ed.) Proceedings of TINLAP 2, 79-85, .
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• Phone
  [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Language (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...ave an existence as a definite object of some kind beyond what is tangibly and observably real. What is commonly called a language is not only unobservab ...ocognitive linguistics tries to look behind the term and find the tangible and observable reality.
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• Absolute-relative tense
  ...that locate a situation both the some other situation (or [[topic time]]) and to an extra-linguistic reference point, typically the moment of speech. ...nt both prior to an innner-textual reference point (''yesterday evening'') and to the moment of speech.
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• Contact assimilation vs. distant assimilation
  ...ion (also called immediate assimilation) the sound undergoing assimilation and the one causing it are immediately adjacent: Old English ''e'''f'''n'' 'eve [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Logical form
  In semantics, '''logical form''' is a representation of all and only the logical properties of an expression, usually in a non-ambiguous, p ...cture]] through instances of [[affect alpha]], e.g. [[Quantifier Raising]] and ''Wh''-raising (see [[Wh-in-situ]]).
  2 KB (326 words) - 18:51, 12 July 2014
• Kommissiv
  ...LE Conference 2001, Leuven (Belgien). Berlin/New York, 319-336. (= Studies and Monographs 163). *Searle, J. 1979. A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts. In: ders., ''Expression and Meaning.'' Cambridge, 1–29.
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• Airstream
  ...chanism'''. Airstreams are described in terms of the generator of movement and the direction of movement. ...the most common airstream used. About 82% of languages (including English and most other European languages) use this airstream exclusively. This airstre
  2 KB (258 words) - 20:36, 2 June 2015
• Speech time
  ...e the speech time is represented by a time point S. The [[reference time]] and [[event time]] are ordered with respect to S. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Dominance
  - transitivity: if A dominates B, and B dominates C, then A dominates C
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• Peak
  [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Strong crossover
  ...sky, N. 1982. ''Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Truncation
  where X and Y are major lexical categories, and A and B are affixes
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• Morphemic Tier Hypothesis
  ...pheme]] making up a [[word]] is assigned a separate tier, i.e., a separate and autonomous level of representation. This hypothesis is mainly proposed to c ...ive]] morpheme ''a'', and the [[template]] CVCVC. If the morphemes ''ktb'' and ''a'' were represented at a single tier, association of these morphemes to
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• Stop
  [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], and, nonphonemically, [ʔ] [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Base (in Cognitive Grammar)
  ...igure/ground organization: the profiled element (designatum) is the figure and the base is the ground against which it is construed. ...bookshelves, indexes and tables of contents, Bibles and Qur'ans, textbooks and cookbooks, etc. virtually ''ad infinitum''.
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• Spectrogram
  ...uency is shown on the vertical axis; time is shown on the horizontal axis, and intensity as relative darkness of the image. ...aditionally been used for making measurements of [[fundamental frequency]] and [[intonation]].
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• Strict identity
  ...llipses which include an anaphoric element (e.g. ''Joan likes her picture, and Peter does too''). Ellipses are generally interpreted identically to their For examples and references, see [[sloppy identity]].
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• Motherese
  ...intensive sessions of conversational give-and-take, with repetitive drills and simplified grammar. ("Look at the ''doggie''! See the ''doggie''? There's a ...not adequate, since the infant is also addressed by fathers, other adults, and children. Baby talk is also inadequate because it is used in the literature
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• VP raising
  ...of its governing verb. This syntactic operation occurs in many [[German]] and [[Dutch]] (Flemish) dialects. ...on]], because it is triggered by verbs that also trigger [[Verb raising]], and because it induces [[IPP]].
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• Dative alternation
  ...ional [[indirect-object construction]] (''The girl gave milk to the cat'') and a [[double-object construction]] (''The girl gave the cat milk''), especial ...is also referred to as NP PP structure as it consists of a nounphrase (NP) and a prepositional phrase (PP).
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• Vagueness
  * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  763 bytes (104 words) - 08:44, 30 August 2014
• Suppletion
  ...nt'' is an example of total suppletion. The alternation between ''France'' and ''French'' is an example of partial suppletion.
  769 bytes (103 words) - 08:17, 16 August 2014
• Suspended affixation
  | congratulation || and || thank-PL-1SG-ACC || I.offer | colspan="4" | ‘I offer my congratulations and thanks.’
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• Particle
  ...[[part of speech|parts of speech]] ([[noun]]s, [[verb]]s, [[adjective]]s) and are not [[inflection|inflected]]. ...ssly exaggerated, and their evident similarities correspondingly obscured, and I therefore propose to revert to the old terminology by which these four cl
  2 KB (320 words) - 19:06, 21 September 2014
• Superiority condition
  where the rule applies ambiguously to Z and Y and Z is superior to Y
  2 KB (236 words) - 08:16, 16 August 2014
• Implicature
  ...of contrast), others follow on the basis of the [[Cooperative Principle]] and its [[maxims]]. A well-known example are the scalar implicatures, where a w ...1975. ''Logic and conversation,'' In: P. Cole and J.L. Morgan eds., Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58, New York: Academic Press
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• Uniformity of Theta-Assignment Hypothesis
  ...(ia) is derived as in (ii) (by invisibly incorporating ''to'' in the verb and moving ''Mary'' to the left of ''a book''). ...-structural identity is far from obvious, e.g. the pair in (iii). Cf. Hale and Keyser (2002).
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• Unitary Base Hypothesis
  ...ns', but rules which attach an affix to both the class of 'transite verbs' and the class of 'abstract nouns' are ruled out.
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• Advanced tongue root
  ...terizes [[phoneme]]s which are produced by pushing the tongue root forward and often the tongue body upward, so that the resonating chamber of the pharynx [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Proposition
  ...the ''[[Speech act]]'' theory mainly proposed by [[John Langshaw Austin]] and [[John R. Searle]]. ...that does something, referred to as the prediction (“to close the window”) and these equal subcomponents can be expressed in many various ways (e.g. quest
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• Deklarative
  ...rative. Trends in Linguistics. Berlin/New York 2005, S. 319-336 [= Studies and Monographs 163]. *J. Searle, A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts. In: ders., Expression and Meaning. Cambridge 1979, 1–29.
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• Concatenation (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...y)|line]] is activated after another line, in sequence, below an ordered [[AND node]]. ...ne an AND node with an incoming line A above it, and two outgoing lines, B and C, below it.
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• Oppositeness
  ...ation]]s, most notably [[complementarity]], [[antonymy]], [[converseness]] and [[reversiveness]].
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• Implication
  ...gt; (''if ... then ...''), also called conditional. The implication of phi and psi, phi -&gt; psi, is only false if phi (which is called the antecedent) i 2. (logical implication) the relation that exists between two sentences phi and psi if phi -&gt; psi is a [[tautology]]. In other words, psi is the logical
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• Mentalism
  ...linguistics, mentalism is associated both with [[generative linguistics]] and with more modern approaches that go under the heading of [[cognitive lingui ...istics is associated with Bloomfield came to be known as [[behaviourism]], and the term ''mentalism'' came to acquire its modern meaning.
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• Propositional logic
  ...stant]]s of the language are negation and the connectives &amp;, v, -&gt;, and &lt;-&gt;. [[Propositional letters]] (also ''atomic propositions'') are com (i) If the sun is shining, then John is happy
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• Propositional formula
  c if phi and psi are formulas in L, (phi &amp; psi), (phi V psi), (phi -&gt; psi) and (phi &lt;-&gt; psi) are too
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• Iamb
  In [[phonology]] and in [[poetics]], an '''iamb''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[weak In [[metrical phonology]] and [[prosodic phonology]], the weak-strong pattern of an iamb is often contras
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• Remnant topicalization
  In (i) the object ''diese Bücher'' has been taken out of the VP, and the remnant ''gelesen'' has been topicalized. * Webelhuth, G. &amp; H. Den Besten 1987. ''Adjunction and Remnant Topicalization in the Germanic SOV-languages,'' GLOW conference Ven
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• Universal quantifier
  ...tandard assumption that natural language expressions such as ''each girl'' and ''everyone'' contain (or are) universal quantifiers. * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Finite vs. nonfinite
  ...' or '''non-finite''', which means that they either have or lack [[tense]] and/or [[person-number]] specifictions. ...e', ama-t 's/he loves'. Nonfinite forms are the infinitive amare 'to love' and the participle amatus 'loved (one)'.
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• Resumptive pronoun
  ...ative clause]]s, where they are realized twice -- once as relative pronoun and once as resumptive pronoun. <br> in (i) ''him'' is a resumptive pronoun bound by ''who'' and interpreted as a [[bound variable]].
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• Information structure
  ...concerned with notions such as [[topic]], [[comment]], [[presupposition]], and [[focus]]. *Halliday, M.A.K. 1967. Notes on transitivity and theme in English. Part 2. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 3:199-244.
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• Number
  ...he most common distinctions are between [[singular]], [[dual]], [[paucal]] and [[plural]]. ...involved in [[agreement]]. The most common number features are +/- plural and +/- singular.
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• Uniqueness
  ...ne (uniqueness). A point of debate has been the question whether existence and uniqueness should be treated as part of the assertion (as Russell did) or a
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• Expressive
  ...LE Conference 2001, Leuven (Belgien). Berlin/New York, 319-336. (= Studies and Monographs 163). ...eech Act Distinctions in Grammar. In: T. Shopen (Hg.), ''Language Typology and Syntactic Description.'' Cambridge.
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• Syllable weight
  ...c requirements there can be an opposition between short and long vowels: V and VC group together as light as opposed to VV which is heavy. ...s that between a short vowel (light) and VV/VC (heavy). Superheavy are VVC and VCC in languages that distinguish light/heavy/superheavy. Syllable weight p
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• One-affix-one-rule hypothesis
  ...which is performed on the [[base]]. It specifies a unique syntactic label and [[subcategorization frame]], as well as a unique semantic reading. ...nouns (''hanger, glider'') since the circumstances under which agent nouns and instrument nouns are formed are identical. The one-affix-one-rule hypothesi
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• Subject condition
  This condition accounts for the ill-formedness of (i) and (ii), where ''who'' and ''what'' are extracted from the subject of the complement sentence.
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• Structure preservation
  ...mmars are structure preserving has first been elaborated in Emonds (1970), and is taken for granted in much ongoing work. ...of Dutch does not contain voiceless sonorants, but it does contain voiced and voiceless obstruents. Furthermore, Dutch has a rule of final devoicing, but
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• Gender (grammar)
  ...sed on the natural division into the two sexes, or on that between animate and inanimate, or on something else."'' (Jespersen 1924:226) ...s]]). In many languages nouns fall into three groups: masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns, each group being inflected differently.
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• Referential expression
  ...rential) and expletives such as ''it'' (cf. ''it seems that he has gone'') and ''there'' (''there is a man in the garden''). Referential expressions are n
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• Syllabary
  A group of symbols representing [[syllable]]s of a spoken language and used to write that language, e.g. the [[Japanese]] '[[katakana]]'. ...''. Syllables are taken to be the basic units of articulatory programming, and sylable-sized articulatory routines are stored in the mental syllabary. The
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• Portal:Computational Linguistics
  ...lyzed for the recognition and extraction of named entities, facts, events, and structured relationships between any of the above. ...xtraction software includes SRA's NetOwl, Inxight's (now SAP) ThingFinder, and ClearForest's (now Reuters) Calais.
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• Pruning
  ...he analyses of [[Restructuring]] in Italian and [[Verb Raising]] in German and Dutch. In effect, pruning is similar to [[S-bar deletion]] ( [[CP-reduction * Evers, A. 1975. ''The transformational cycle in Dutch and German,'' diss. Utrecht University, distr. by IULC.
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• Isolating languages
  ...be conveyed by separate words and not by morphological processes. Chinese and Vietnamese are isolating languages.
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• Complementary
  ...ns: If a referent ''x'' has property ''P'', it cannot have property ''Q'', and if ''x'' does not have property ''P'', it has property ''Q'': * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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• Reference time
  ...R can be seen most clearly in the different representation of simple past and present perfect: * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Vladimir P. Nedjalkov
  ...gy of resultative constructions and their relations to passive, perfective and stative constructions (1980, 1983), general typology of non-finite verbal f ...ound in: Werner Abraham & Leonid Kulikov (eds), Tense-aspect, transitivity and causativity. Essays in honour of Vladimir Nedjalkov (Studies in Language Co
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• McGurk effect
  The '''McGurk effect''' was discovered by the psychologists [[McGurk]] and [[MacDonald]] in 1976 by accident when they dubbed an audio syllable "ba" o [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Light syllable
  ...l. The English word ''city'' [sɪti] consists of two light syllables: [sɪ] and [ti]. A syllable longer than a light syllable is called a [[heavy syllable [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Language planning
  ...at it arose in connection with policy decisions in newly independent Asian and African countries. * Cooper, R. L. 1989. ''Language planning and social change.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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• Elliptical
  ...ed for cases of rule-governed omission of constituents that are notionally and syntactically required in other contexts. Most typically, ellipsis occurs i ...ero anaphora]]. There is no agreement about how these terms should be used and which distinctions need to be drawn.
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• Parameter (de)
  *S. Bartolo (Hg.), Parametric Linguistics and Learnability: A Self-Contained Tutorial for Linguists. Cambridge 2002. *P. W. Culicover, Principles and Parameters. An Introduction to Syntactic Theory. N. Y. 1997.
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• Singulative
  ...l-denoting noun (as opposed to [[singular]], which denotes a single entity and is not expressed overtly, or at least not derived from an unmarked plural-d ...ics of the ''Brythonic languages'' in the 19th century (cf. Cuzzolin 1998) and was later extended to similar phenomena in the Semitic languages.
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• Loanblend
  Loanblends are compounds in which one part is borrowed and the other substituted with a native word (e.g. Germ. ''Showgeschäft'' < E.
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• HansJonathanAM/test
  Not an expert. Just trying to learn more about linguistics and hopefully give some contributions.
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• Affix
  An '''affix''' is a [[morph]] that always occurs attached to another morph and forms a phonological unit with that morph. Affixes are most often phonologi ...they do not form a productive pattern. Affixes have a predictable function and can typically attach to a large number of words whereas compounds tend to b
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• Reichenbach's (1947) theory of tense
  ...event E corresponds to the categories ‘anterior’ (E-R), ‘posterior’ (R-E) and ‘simple’ (E,R; cf. Reichenbach 1947: 296f).
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• Thematic paraphrase
  ...phrase''' of clause A is a clause which expresses the same [[proposition]] and involves the same [[Theta_role|θ-roles]] as clause A, but uses different [ ...he same [[agent]] (''the shopkeeper''), the same [[theme]] (''a toy dog'') and the same [[recipient]] (''Alan''). What changes are their [[grammatical fun
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• Deixis
  ...le the 'orientational' features of language which are relative to the time and place of utterance. (ii) adverbials of place and time: ''here, there''; ''now, then''
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• Affective (context)
  :::*''"As for the grammatical similarities of ''neg'', ''wh'' and ''only'', these will now be described as resulting from the presence of a c *[[Klima, Edward S.]] 1964. Negation in English. In Jerry A. Fodor and Jerrold J. Katz (eds.) ''The structure of language.'' Englewood Cliffs: Pre
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• Goal
  ...ch &amp; R.T. Harms (eds.) Universals In Linguistic Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. * Jackendoff, R. 1983. ''Semantics and cognition,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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• Stress neutral affix
  * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
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• Inflection
  ...(e.g. [[person]], [[number]], [[gender]], [[case]]), [[mood]], [[tense]], and [[aspect]]. ...is ''inflectional''. An alternative spelling (confined to British English and increasingly outdated) is ''inflexion''.
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• Tensed-S Condition
  ...73). It states that [[extraction]] out of a tensed sentence is impossible, and is formulated as The TSC accounts for the contrast in (i) and (ii). In (i) passivization involves NP-movement out of an infinitival (i.e.
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• Gricean maxims
  ...ory (Atlas and Levinson 1981, Horn 1984) and the Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson 1986). *Atlas, J. and S. Levinson (1981) It-clefts, informativeness, and logical form, In: P. Cole ed., Radical Pragmatics, 1-61, New York: Academic
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• Montague 1974
  ...R. 1974. ''Formal philosophy: selected papers of Richard Montague, edited and with an introduction by Richmond H. Thomason.'' Yale University Press.
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• Interlanguage
  The term was coined by Selinker (1972) and picked up quickly by other researchers (e.g. Richards 1972, Schumann 1974). *Richards, Jack C. 1972. "Social factors, interlanguage, and language learning." ''Language Learning'' 22:159-188.
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• Exclamative sentence
  ...a special [[sentence type]] alongside [[declarative sentence|declarative]] and [[interrogative sentence]]s. It is very likely that there are also language
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• Presupposition
  ...ly called the [[focus]]. If we see a sentence as the answer to a question, then the presupposition is the information that was already part of the question ...s and [[cleft]]s. The presupposition of a sentence A is entailed by both A and the negation of A.
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• Permanent lexicon
  ...cital, derive'', and ''describe'', but not the potential words ''derival'' and ''describal''. Halle (1973) uses the term 'Dictionary' when he refers to th
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• Portal:Tense and aspect
  ...ite">This portal presents the most central topics in the study of<br>tense and aspect.</font> ...(1947)]] -- [[Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense|Huddleston and Pullum (2002)]]
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• C-command
  b A does not [[dominate]] B and B does not dominate A, and ...=/= B (cf. (i)a), A does not dominate B, nor does B dominate A (cf. (i)b); and the node which dominates A, X2, also dominates B (cf. (i)c). X1 in (ii) is
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• Verb raising
  ...itival complement, if the complement is not in [[extraposition]], is moved and adjoined to its governing verb, thereby creating a verb-cluster. * Evers, A. 1975. ''The transformational cycle in Dutch and German,'' diss. Utrecht University, distr. by IULC.
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• Positive and negative face
  ...n individual's public self-image ([[face (concept)]]). Both '''positive''' and '''negative face''' describe the different levels of face needs. ...al's personal desires ('''positive face'''). In order to protect one's own and the adressee's face, one has to take care of both levels.
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• Zero (Phonetics)
  Antiresonance (in the [[spectrum]]). [[Pole]] and zero are engineering terms.
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• Wh-in-situ
  ...nterpretation of ''wh''-elements in situ. Maybe ''what'' in (i) is fronted and adjoined to the embedded clause at [[LF]]. This operation is called ''Wh''- * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Ferdinand de Saussure
  Ferdinand de Saussure was born in November 26th 1857 in Geneva and died in February 22nd 1913 in Vufflens-le-Château near Morges. He studied linguistics in Leipzig and Indo-European studies in Berlin and gave lectures of linguistics at the University of Geneva 1906–1911.
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• Definiteness restriction
  ...hrase]]. The definiteness restriction is shown by the contrast between (i) and (ii): the [[strong noun phrase]]s in (i) are not compatible with expletive * Reuland, E. and A. ter Meulen (eds.) 1987. ''The representation of (in)definiteness,'' The
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• Node (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  * ''[[AND node|AND]] vs. [[OR node|OR]]. Each node has a ''singular'' side to which one line is connected, and a ''plural side'' to which two or more lines connect. With a few exception
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• Wizard of Oz
  ...g of what human computer speech dialogues would look like when implemented and running at a stage where these systems are still at the planning stage. .... &amp; Gilbert, G.N. 1991. ''Simulating speech systems,'' Computer Speech and Language, 5, 81-99
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• Aspect
  ...s]]. The aspect of a sentence is in many languages expressed syntactically and/or morpho-phonologically. ...s of the tense-aspect system of Klein (1994), the difference between tense and aspect can be described as follows: Aspect relates the [[topic time]] to th
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• Neurocognitive linguistics
  ...subsystems and where they are located in the cortex of the typical person, and how they are interconnected. ...d in the details of how information is represented at the level of neurons and their interconnections.
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• Word formation rule
  ...which assume that the [[lexicon]] only contains a set of underived words, and that complex words are derived from these listed forms.
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• Narrow relational network notation
  ...he [[nection boundary]] may be precisely located. Each external connection then is defined to be part of its source nection, but not of its destination nec Here is an ordered [[AND node|AND]] in narrow notation:
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• Feature
  ...ven linguistic item is categorized. The specification of this dimension is then called a [[value]]. For example, the English noun ''bread'' carries the val ...other things) [ -[[voiced]]] and [ -[[nasal]]] while [m] is [ +[[voiced]]] and [ +[[nasal]]]. After SPE different feature inventories have been proposed.
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• Type logic
  ...c are functional, i.e. they take an expression of type a as their argument and yield an expression of type b, which is indicated in their type as follows: * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Sole argument generalization
  ...]. This generalization is meant to account for the difference between (ii) and (iii): ...nt (cf. *''Dick sold Tom'' in the reading ''Dick sold something to Tom''), and externalization therefore is not possible.
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• Abduction
  [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
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• Automatic speaker identification
  ...cognition systems can be divided into '''speaker identification''' systems and speaker verification systems. Speaker identification consists in assigning ...ation performance are the size of the population to be distinguished among and the degradations introduced by noise (e.g. telephone transmission). Automat
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• E-Type-Pronomen
  *Egli, U. & K. v. Heusinger. 1995. The Epsilon Operator and E-Type Pronouns. In: ders. et al. (Hg.), ''Lexical Knowledge in the Organiz *Evans, G. 1977. Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses. ''CJP'' 7, 467–536.
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• Otto Jespersen
  ...nhagen University, earning degrees in English, [[French language|French]], and [[Latin]]. He also studied linguistics at Oxford. Jespersen was a professor ...so involved in the delegation that created the artificial language [[Ido]] and he later developed the [[Novial language]], which he considered an improvem
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• Right downward monotonicity
  ...the property of being right [[downward monotonicity|downward monotone]] if and only if in a domain of entities E condition (i) holds. (i) for all X,Y subset E: if X in Q, and Y subset X, then Y in Q
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• Tagger
  ...mantic roles of noun phrases or prepositional phrases ([[sense tagging]]), and sometimes identifying the structure of a text is considered as a kind of ta ...tween rule-based and stochastic taggers, though some taggers combine rules and stochastic information.
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• Stratificational Grammar
  ...an account of the structure of language, the relationship between meaning and speech. ...l linguistics in treating the structure as composed of linguistic elements and their relationships. In the mid-sixties, work on the relationships among li
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• Kiparsky 1968
  [[Kiparsky, Paul]]. 1968. Linguistic Universals and Linguistic Change, reprinted in: Kiparsky, P. ''Explanation in Phonology''
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• Reversive
  ...opposite directions, relative to some reference point ''R''; if both ''P'' and ''Q'' take place (to the same extent), the change brought about by one pred
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• Denotation
  ...the term [[connotation]] to indicate that we abstract away from emotional and sociocultural aspects of meaning, restricting ourselves to what an expressi
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• Rattenfängerkonstruktion
  Judith Aissen, Pied-Piping, Abstract Agreement, and Functional Projections in Tzotzil. NLLT 1996/14, 447-491. ...Order and Pied-Piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. In: P. Sells (Hg.), Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax. Stanford, CA 2001, 197–2
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• Relational network
  ...This we don't find. A '''relational network''' consists of [[line|lines]] and [[node (in neurocognitive linguistics)|nodes]], each node being a point at ...ey are therefore related to the elements of their phonological realization and have to access them for production of speech.
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• Spirantisation
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Theta-role
  ...riterion]]. Different theta-roles have different labels, such as [[Agent]] and [[Theme]]. ...sent me'' the argument ''Ken'' is the Agent of the predicate ''sent me'', and the argument ''me'' is the Theme of the predicate ''sent''. Other theta-rol
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• Affected vs. effected object
  ...objects''', i.e. [[patient]]s which are [[affected]] by the verbal action, and '''effected objects''', i.e. participants which come into being as a result ...ich is reportedly made overt in some languages, can be seen in Sentences 1 and 2. 1. John ruined the table. 2. John built the table. Note that in one cas
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• Ellipsis
  ...ed for cases of rule-governed omission of constituents that are notionally and syntactically required in other contexts. Most typically, ellipsis occurs i ...ero anaphora]]. There is no agreement about how these terms should be used and which distinctions need to be drawn.
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• Nection
  Thus, a ''nection'' is a continuous portion of network (i.e. lines and nodes) bounded by nection boundaries. A nection has one and only one line connecting the singular side of one node to the singular side
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• Huddleston and Pullum's (2002) analysis of tense
  .... In "She goes to school" the tense of the verb is present (cf. Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116). ...her" is a perfect form, whereas "He may know her" is unmarked (Huddleston and Pullum 20022: 116).
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• Borrowing (i.e. loan)
  ...tic item that has been copied from another language, with the phonological and semantic properties basically remaining intact. ('core borrowing' and 'cultural borrowing' are known especially from Myers-Scotton's work.)
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• Central Saamic
  ...further divided into the western group ([[Pite Saami]] and [[Lule Saami]]) and [[North Saami]].
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• Swedish
  and 300,000 in Finland (=5,5%)<ref name="eu"/> === Location and Speakers ===
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• Scope
  phi is the scope of Neg in Neg phi and of All(x) in All(x) [ phi ]. The scope of an operator in complex formulas i ...determined is the level of LF (which is denied, e.g., by Williams (1986)) then which LFs can be derived from a given S-structure determines the possible s
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• Cohort model
  ...s thus inversely related to the distance between the output of the network and the word representation in lexical space. A constraining sentence context f ...ating form and meaning: A distributed model of speech perception, Language and Cognitive Processes 12'', 613-656.
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• Sememic stratum
  ...nected with the system for visual perception and other kinds of perception and to various motor areas. Elements in this [[stratum (in neurocognitive ling ...ted to other concepts within the sememic system, such as subtypes of "red" and the supertype "color". It is also directly connected to a point in the vis
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• Ablaut
  ...refers to the system of root vowel alternations in [[Proto-Indo-European]] and its daughter languages. ...ing the base vowel by another vowel: ''get'' : ''got'', ''sing'' :''sang'' and ''fall'' :''fell''.
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• Word
  ...bjects which may but need not be the output of processes of [[affixation]] and [[compounding]]. ...gh morphologically it is a clitic group consisting of a morphological word and a clitic.
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• Osthoff's law
  ...Indo-European long vowels to shorten when they were followed by a sonorant and another consonant. ...e attempts to widen the domain of its application to Latin, Gothic, Baltic and even Germanic, though the evidence is weak (Collinge 1985: 127, Ringe 2006:
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• Definite article
  A '''definite article''' is a morpheme which accompanies nouns and which codes [[definiteness]] or [[specificity]], like ''the'' in English.
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• Strong noun phrase
  ...lso proper names, pronouns, and quantified noun phrases like ''every boy'' and ''most boys''. Milsark (1977) characterizes strong noun phrases as noun phr
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• Stimmhaft
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• L-marking
  ...ss which plays a crucial role in the definition of a [[blocking category]] and thus in that of a [[barrier]]. Roughly, a category is L-marked iff it is th ...out of an L-marked phrase (=/= barrier), hence the contrast between (ii)a and b.
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• Maxim of relevance
  ...states that the speaker strives for a certain goal by stating his question and that the hearer adopts this goal when giving an answer. ...t to the speaker. A will assume that B abides by the cooperative principle and will therefore infer that specific implied meanings are being conveyed. In
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• Quantifier Raising
  ...ty of quantifier scope to syntactic boundedness effects. Thus consider (i) and (ii). ...int]]. Other advantages of QR are in the description of [[Weak Crossover]] and Antecedent Contained Deletion. The exact conditions that govern the applica
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• Stratificational ordering
  ...icational framework one views the entire structure as present at one time, and one encounters different structural layers or levels instead of different d ....google.com/books/about/Language_and_Reality.html?id=vrlPUxB2_JwC Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb], Continuum, 2004.
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• Shortlist model
  ...non-sensory sources of information, and that the later stages of selection and integration are assumed to be affected by these non-sensory sources of info ...shortlist is constantly updated while more phonemic information comes in, and while candidates are eliminated as a result of the competition process. Sen
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• Stem
  ...he forms ''géphura-'' and ''hippo-'' are called stems, while ''géphur-'' and ''hipp-'' are called [[root]]s.
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• Hupda
  *Erickson, Timothy and Catherine Groth Erickson. 1993. ''Vocabulario Jupda-Espanol-Portugues.'' Sa *Huber, Randall Q., and Robert B. Reed. 1992. ''Comparative Vocabulary: Selected Words in Indigenou
  1 KB (146 words) - 16:00, 4 February 2013
• Proper government
  ...e categories that are coindexed with alpha (see [[antecedent government]]) and [[head]]s (in some models theta-assigning heads (theta government), in othe * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  1 KB (179 words) - 19:12, 27 September 2014
• Source
  ...ch &amp; R.T. Harms (eds.) Universals In Linguistic Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. * Jackendoff, R. 1983. ''Semantics and cognition,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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• Language
  ...lar language' and French ''langage'' 'human language, the ability to speak and understand speech'. ...cquired more like Sanskrit, but is now widely used as an everyday language and acquired in early childhood.
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• Weak crossover
  ...hich would be a condition C violation). Still, coreference between ''who'' and ''his'' is ungrammatical. A wide range of analyses have been proposed, incl * Higginbotham, J. 1980. ''Pronouns and Bound Variables,'' Linguistic Inquiry, 679-708
  2 KB (356 words) - 02:48, 6 August 2021
• Portal:Quantitative linguistics
  ...al presents the most central topics in the fields Quantitative Linguistics and Systems Theoretical (Synergetic) Linguistics. </div> [[aims and methods of quantitative linguistics]]&nbsp;– [[history of quantitative li
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• Verb second
  The contrast between the [[Dutch]] (i)a and the [[English]] (i)b shows that Dutch, but not English, is a verb second la ...the effect of the interaction of as yet ill-understood parameter-settings and principles.
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• Stress shifting affix
  * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
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• Thematic role
  Thematic roles are semantic roles in a system which takes location and movement through space as (some of) the key notion in the interpretation of * Chomsky, Noam. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding.'' Foris, Dordrecht.
  1 KB (199 words) - 10:08, 10 June 2009
• Kirgiz
  [this article is preliminary and needs to be corrected; it serves primarily illustrative purposes] ...mostly in Kyrgyzstan, but also in neighboring areas of Russia, Tajikistan and China.
  3 KB (334 words) - 16:33, 4 February 2013
• Trachea
  The windpipe; the tube connecting the [[larynx]] with the bronchi (and ultimately with the lungs).
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• Negation
  ...e]] of a [[proposition]] into its opposite. Proposition Neg phi is true if and only if phi is not true: * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  1 KB (192 words) - 16:35, 18 July 2014
• Morpheme
  ...ort of meaning, or a grammatical function to the word to which it belongs, and (b) cannot itself be decomposed into smaller morphemes. ''Kangaroo'' is one morpheme. ''Kangaroos'' is two morphemes, ''kangaroo'' and plural ''-s''. The ''-s'' expresses the meaning 'many' or 'more than one' i
  2 KB (238 words) - 16:42, 13 September 2018
• Tone stability
  ...leaving behind the low tone. This low tone settles on the remaining vowel and forms a contour tone with the original tone of the second vowel.
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• Lingua franca
  ...n the Central Asian republics Uzbekistan, Tajiskistan, Turkmenistan, etc.; and [[English]] is used as a lingua franca for most global international events
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• Speech act
  ...erent speech acts: a ''[[locutionary act]]'', an ''[[illocutionary act]]'' and a ''[[perlocutionary act]]''. The locutionary act is the act of uttering a * Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990. ''Meaning and grammar,'' MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Subject raising
  ...haracteristic property that they do not assign an [[external theta-role]], and select a sentential complement with a case-less subject position. Subject R * Chomsky, N. 1981. ''Lectures on Government and Binding,'' Foris, Dordrecht.
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• Lexicon
  ...the [[pronunciation]], (b) the [[meaning]], (c) morphological properties, and (d) syntactic properties of its entries. Furthermore, the lexicon must cont ...l lexicon' as the representation of lexical knowledge in a speaker's mind, and as an extensional (e.g. printed, electronic) list of lexical items from a
  3 KB (472 words) - 09:02, 26 May 2013
• Linguistic information system
  ...g, and (2) that it has been acquired and is further expandable, adaptable, and otherwise changeable. ...nor that it has a form prescribed by some pre-existing linguistic theory, and certainly not that it is genetically determined by a language gene.
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• Non-configurational language
  ...ry few or no [[word order]] restrictions. See [[configurational language]] and [[scrambling]].
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• Pole
  [[Resonance]] (in the [[spectrum]]). Pole and [[Zero (Phonetics)|zero]] are engineering terms.
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• Underspecification
  ...stops. Still there is a phonetic difference between the [pʰ] in [pʰ]''in'' and the non-aspirated [p] in ''s''[p]''in''. Underspecification theory expresse
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• Borrowing (i.e. copying)
  ...ents''', which we can take back to the earliest known stage of a language, and '''borrowed elements''', which were imported at some time from a different ...ses of maintenance may involve varying degrees of influence on the lexicon and structure of a group's native language from the external language with whic
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• Sonority hierarchy
  ...ment. The sonority of the surrounding consonants must decrease to the left and to the right starting from the vowel. Put differently: the more sonorous a ...matl'' the sonority in the sequence ''tl'' increases (must be: decreasing) and in ''lkon'' the sonority of the sequence ''lk'' decreases (must be increasi
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• Adolf Kaegi
  '''Adolf Kaegi''' (1894-1976) was Swiss specialist of Greek and Indic.
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• Argument term
  ...[argument]]. In syntactic research, a distinction between 'argument terms' and 'arguments' is rarely made.
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• Apical
  [[Category: Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Derivation
  ...hology]], it refers to word formation through the association of dependent and independent morphemes; see [[derivation (morphology)]] ...l linguistics]], it refers to the relation by which newer linguistic forms and languages descend from their older counterparts; see [[historical derivatio
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• Kildin Saami
  ...n times of globalization'', ed. by Cornelius Hasselblatt, Peter Houtzagers and Remco van Pareren. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 5–26. ...ussia. ''Ethnic and linguistic context of identity'', ed. by Riho Grünthal and Magdolna Kovács. Helsinki: SUS. 79–96.
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• Polytextuality
  ...and other units have been investigated with respect to their distributions and to their interrelations to some other properties of these units.
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• No Phrase Constraint
  ...hrase]]s as their input, only stems. This constraint was first formulated (and named) by Botha (1981). ...ng”. In: ''The Scope of Lexical Rules'', ed. by M. Moortgat, H. v.d. Hulst and T. Hoekstra. 1-77. Dordrecht: Foris.
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• Mediopassive
  ...of [[middle voice]], or one of its component meanings ([[anticausative]], and so on).
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• Restructuring
  ...rb cluster, must be rejected, because non-verbal material, such as adverbs and complementizers, can intervene between the two verbs: ...ement clause, which otherwise would block clitic climbing. Clitic climbing then reduces to repeated application of [[head movement]]. An intervening comple
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• Strict Cyclicity
  current cycle and the preceding one. ...P. 1985. ''Some Consequences of Lexical Phonology,'' in: Hulst, H. van der and N. Smith (eds.) The Structure of Phonological Representations, vol 1, Foris
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• De dicto and de re
  The terms ''de re'' (Latin: "about the thing") and ''de dicto'' (Latin: "about what is said") refer to two distinct interpreta ...nce agency is consistently receiving top-secret intelligence information), then (i) would describe Ralph's beliefs ''de dicto'' that somebody is a spy.
  2 KB (357 words) - 01:40, 8 February 2021
• Reanalysis (in generative syntax)
  ...the case of a [[pseudo-passive]] like (i)a the [[stranded preposition]] at and the [[verb]] ''laughed'' are sometimes reanalyzed as the complex verb ''lau .... Since these kinds of operations are at odds with the [[theta criterion]] and the [[Projection Principle]], two-dimensional phrase-structures have been p
  3 KB (438 words) - 08:27, 28 September 2014
• Weak noun phrase
  ..., although they may contain indications of cardinality (like ''two, some'' and ''many''). Being not quantified inherently, they can be existentially quant
  1,003 bytes (144 words) - 18:07, 4 September 2014
• Sentential subject constraint
  and is meant to capture the fact that categories cannot be moved out of a sente ...der (i) and (ii), both containing a sentential subject (the ''for''-clause and the ''that''-clause respectively).
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• Icon
  ...n natural language, icons are found in the form of [[onomatopoetic word]]s and [[sound symbolism]].
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• Mapping Principle (in morphology)
  ...is a principle proposed by Sproat (1985) to relate the phono-morphological and the syntactico-semantic level of representation of complex words to each ot ...l include the information that ''un-'' selects adjectives and means 'NOT', and that ''-ity'' creates abstract nouns from adjectives. Furthermore, at the p
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• A-position
  ...positions are positions to which a [[theta-role]] can be assigned (subject and object positions). A-positions are also known as Argument positions. A posi The NPs ''John and apples'' in the sentence ''John eats apples'' are in A-positions (in D-stru
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• Register (in phonetics)
  ...nging voice should be classified as ''soprano'', ''tenor'', ''bass'' etc., and these features also determine whether a person sings in head ([[falsetto]])
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• Impersonal construction
  ...guistic literature, a clear distinction has been made between [[passive]]s and impersonal constructions (cf. Blevins 2003, Yamamoto 2006). ...by deleting its logical subject, impersonalization preserves transitivity, and merely inhibits the syntactic realization of a surface subject."'' (Blevins
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• Synonymy
  ...ween two [[word]]s or [[phrase]]s with the same [[meaning]], like ''gift'' and ''donation''.
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• Antonymy
  ...istinguished, on the basis of the relationship between the [[comparative]] and the [[positive]] forms of the relevant predicates: * Cruse, A. 2004. ''Meaning in Language. An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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• Labialisation
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Boolesche Operatoren
  ...hen Algebra Verwendung finden. Die wichtigsten Booleschen Operatoren sind: AND, OR, NOT. ...retrieval-Systemen]] soll z.B. auf eine Anfrage, in der zwei Ausdrücke mit AND miteinander verknüpft werden, in der [[Datenbasis]] nach [[Dokument|Dokume
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• OR node
  ...tionship of alternation as opposed to combination, which is shown by the [[AND node]]. Like the AND node, the OR node has two general types, the ''ordered'' and the ''unordered'':
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• Klein's (1994) theory of tense
  ...judge asksa witness: "What did you notice when you looked into the room?" and the witness answers: "There was a book on the table. It was in Russian", th In Klein's theory tense expresses a relation between TT and TU; possible relations are INCL(uded in), AFTER, BEFORE. The major tense re
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• Priming
  ...ad to related items (e.g. phonologically related or semantically related), and this spreading of activation is called '''priming'''. Phonological priming
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• Relativierte Minimalität
  C. Boeckx, Islands and Chains. Amsterdam 2003. <br> J. Moore, Romance Cliticization and Relativized Minimality. LIn 1994/25, 335–343. <br>
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• Proper Binding Condition
  ...k, Howard and Mamoru Saito. 1993. ''Move 〈 : conditions on its application and output''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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• ID/LP rules
  ...') instead of context-free phrase structure rules to describe hierarchical and sequential aspects of linguistic units separately. ...rectly) dominates the nodes labelled <math>Y_1</math> ... <math>Y_n</math> and (ii). The node labelled <math>Y_i </math> precedes node <math>Y_{i+1}</math
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• Politeness strategy
  ...‘on record’ when uttering an FTA, the intention is unambiguously expressed and therefore clear to all participants. According to Brown and Levinson, the choice of any one of the strategies mentioned above depends o
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• Transient
  Type of aperiodic [[sound]]s. These are various types of clanks and bursts which produce a sudden pressure fluctuation that is not sustained or
  362 bytes (51 words) - 19:49, 29 August 2014
• Kopf-Bewegungsbeschränkung
  *Ž. Bošković, On Multiple Feature Checking: Multiple Wh-Fronting and Multiple Head Movement. In: S. Epstein & N. Hornstein (Hg.), Working Minima *G. Fanselow, Münchhausen-Style Head Movement and the Analysis of Verb Second. In: A. Mahajan (Hg.), Proceedings of the Works
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• Christian Bartholomae
  ...stian Bartholomae''' (1855-1925) was a German Indo-Europeanist, Iranianist and Indologist.
  267 bytes (28 words) - 18:32, 22 June 2014
• Word-based morphology
  ...esis entails the claim that [[English]] words such as ''deceive, receive'' and ''conceive'' are not formed by regular [[prefix]]ation processes, since the
  999 bytes (135 words) - 18:45, 7 September 2014
• G. Nick Clements
  '''G. Nick Clements''' (d. 2009-08-30) was a phonologist and Africanist.
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• Extended Level Ordering Hypothesis
  ...I and Class II affixation (*[com [passion fruit]], *[[passion fruit] y]), and (c) they do accept regular inflection ([[house boat] s]). </nowiki><br /> T ...982. ''From Cyclic Phonology to Lexical Phonology,'' in: Hulst, H. van der and N. Smith (eds.) The Structure of Phonological Representations (I), pp.131-1
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• Syllabification
  ...s the division of a [[word]] in [[syllables]] in conformity with universal and language-specific requirements (e.g. [[Maximal Onset Principle]], [[sonorit
  395 bytes (47 words) - 08:27, 16 August 2014
• Construction (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...]], then the construction, in which two or more constituents are variable and have a ...ope, consider the "way" construction, as in "he dug his way out of prison" and "she fought her way into the room". Consider also the expression "whether
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• Retroflex
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Pied piping
  next to (1a), (1b) and (1c) are also possible. * Jayaseelan, K. A. 2010. ''Stacking Stranding and Pied Piping: A proposal about word order, vol 13, issue 4 Syntax''[http://o
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• Tense
  ...ory expressing a temporal relation between the event described by the verb and the moment of utterance. ...egory encoding a temporal relation between the [[topic time]] (Klein 1994) and an extra-linguistic reference point, the [[time of orientation]] (Huddlesto
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• Assimilation
  ...the [[prefix]] /in-/ changes to [l] in ''illegal'' (complete convergence) and to [m] in ''input'' (partial convergence). In the latter case the change is ...change. In ''Handbook of historical linguistics'', ed. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda, 313–342. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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• Conducton aphasia
  ...s due to the affected person having a disconnection between sound patterns and the production area. It is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus.
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• Second language acquisition
  ...er language. The study of [[second language acquisition]] aims to describe and explain that process (cf. Frawley, William J. 2003. ''International Encylop ...e [[contrastive hypothesis]] regarded instances of interference between L1 and L2 as a result of (linguistic) habits that were transferred from the mother
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• MultiTree
  ...ate a digital library of scholarly hypotheses about language relationships and subgroupings.
  299 bytes (37 words) - 18:24, 21 September 2014
• Ossetic
  Ossetic is spoken in Georgia and the Russian Federation (in the ''Region'' North Ossetia of Russia). .... Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Center in Antropology, Folklore and Linguistics.
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• Reanalyse (generative Syntax)
  *J. Bobaljik & S. Wurmbrand, Long Distance Object Agreement, Restructuring, and Anti-reconstruction. In: M. Kadowaki & S. Kawahara (Hg.), Proceedings of th ...ynchrony and Diachrony of the English Prepositional Passive: Form, Meaning and Function. Diss. Ohio State Univ. 2000.
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• Argument
  ...ntax]], ''Argument'' is a [[phrase]] which is a [[referential expression]] and which is associated with a [[theta-role]] assigned by a lexical [[head]]. ...ous''. The phrase ''next week'' in (ii) is not an argument (of ''visit''), and is assigned no theta-role.
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• Lexeme (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...e functional web -- connections to meaning nodes and to phonological nodes and graphic nodes. ...ample, "German Shepherd" connects to the combination of morphemes "German" and "shepherd."
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• Unaccusative verb
  ...y rather than semantically as verbs that assign no [[external theta-role]] and no structural [[Case]]. ...nguages that have a distinction between the perfective auxiliaries 'to be' and 'to have', the unaccusatives take 'to be', while the unergatives take 'to h
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• Face-threatening act
  ...ts''' may threaten either the [[speaker's face]] or the [[hearer's face]], and they may threaten either [[positive face]] or [[negative face]]. (cf. Brown and Levinson 1987 {1978])
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• Word syntax
  ...wer-level categories Root and Affix. Affixation rules take the form in (i) and compound rules the one in (ii):
  917 bytes (152 words) - 18:45, 7 September 2014
• Global aphasia
  ...ll of the langauge processing components which are situated in the frontal and temporal lobes.
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• Gooniyandi
  ...akers (McGregor 1990:23). The language is not being passed on to children, and is hardly used by the older speakers, who prefer [[Fitzroy Crossing Creole] ...cquarie Aboriginal Words: A Dictionary of Words from Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages'', pp. 193-213. New South Wales, Australia
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• Agreement
  ...systematic covariance between a semantic or formal property of one element and a formal property of another."'' (Steele 1978:610) *Agreement of [[article]] and [[adjective]] with [[noun]] in [[number]] and [[gender (morphology)|gender]]:
  2 KB (298 words) - 08:27, 3 August 2014
• Surface dyslexia
  ...d. This results in difficulty in recognising words with irregular spelling and, as a result, subjects are often slow at reading.
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• Allomorphy
  (b) /z/ after nouns ending in a voiced consonant (''dogs'' /dogz/), and ...nglish suffix ''-able'' is pronounced /ɪbl/ in adjectives such as possible and probable, but when the noun-forming suffix ''-ity'' is attached to it it is
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• Sandhi
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
  359 bytes (46 words) - 15:21, 5 October 2014
• Natural class
  [[Category:Phonetics and phonology]]
  258 bytes (37 words) - 19:59, 24 July 2010
• Complement
  ...X', or as a sister of X⁰. Thus, in the configuration, either A and B are complements of X⁰, or just B (the [[sister]] of X<sup>0</s ...a complement is, the former is an optional (extrnuclear) [[constituent]], and the latter an obligatory (nuclear) [[constituent]] of the [[sentence]].
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• Echoic use
  ...t in the ironical use of language, esp. in the work done by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber (e.g. Sperber & Wilson 1981, Wilson 2006). Alternatively, verba * Sperber, Dan & Deirdre Wilson. 1981. Irony and the use-mention distinction. In Cole, P. (ed.), ''Radical Pragmatics'', 295
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• Trochee
  In [[phonology]] and in [[poetics]], an '''trochee''' is a prosodic [[foot]] consisting of a [[s In [[metrical phonology]] and [[prosodic phonology]], the strong-weak pattern of a trochee is often contr
  888 bytes (128 words) - 18:59, 2 August 2014
• Separation hypothesis
  ...from their [[function]]. Beard distinguishes [[L-rule]]s and [[M-rule]]s, and assumes that L-rules are grammatical processes which change or add informat ...e [plural]. The resulting abstract morpheme is input to different M-rules, and these rules spell out the actual phonological form of the plurals in (i). O
  2 KB (267 words) - 19:11, 28 October 2014
• Trill
  [[Category:Phonetics and Phonology]]
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• Relational Grammar
  ...ational Grammar was founded by [[David M. Perlmutter]], [[Paul M. Postal]] and [[David E. Johnson]] around 1974. *Johnson, David E. and Paul M. Postal. 1980. ''Arc Pair Grammar.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton Unive
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• Richard Allsopp
  '''Richard Allsopp''' (1923 - 2009-06-03) was a Caribbean linguist and specialist in varieties of English spoken in the Caribbean.
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• Family
  ...linguists have tried to establish separate terms for families with greater and shallower time-depth, or of different subdivisions within a family. Here ar None of these are as universally accepted and used as the word 'family'; a branch of a family may also be called a family
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• Lexicalization (in neurocognitive linguistics)
  ...st the separate [[Lexeme (in neurocognitive linguistics)|lexemes]] "happy" and "-ness" but also a complex lexeme "happiness". Moreover, for this to be the ...ferent strengths are used (e.g. they are drawn with different thicknesses) and it is assumed that the strengths of the lines corresponding to frequently u
  2 KB (354 words) - 20:28, 31 October 2017
• Stress subordination principle
  When primary stress is placed in a certain position then * Chomsky, N. and M. Halle 1968. ''The Sound Pattern of English,'' Harper and Row, New York.
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• Restricted quantifier
  ...mes represented as in (i), with the restricted quantifier between brackets and the predicate P indicating the subset: * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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• Institutionalized
  ...lexicalized]], i.e. have special properties not predictable from its parts and the rule by which it was created. ...1983, I shall term such words ''institutionalized''. ''Institutionalized'' and ''lexicalized'' are thus, by definition, complementary terms, co-hyponyms o
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• Marker
  ...sed for a grammatical element or [[function word]] such as a [[particle]], and [[affix]], an [[adposition]] that ''marks'' something, i.e. codes a particu
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• Language Science Press
  ...on the idea of Open Access. It was initiated in 2012 by [[Stefan Müller]] and [[Martin Haspelmath]].
  387 bytes (55 words) - 17:06, 6 July 2014
• Soenjono Dardjowidjojo
  ...the structure of Indonesian, teaching of Indonesian as a foreign language, and psycholinguistics.
  307 bytes (38 words) - 11:21, 23 September 2009
• Adjunction condition
  ...is a condition which says that [[head]]s can [[adjoin]] only to [[head]]s and maximal [[projection]]s only to maximal projections.
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• Sense
  The sentences (i) and (ii) both have the same truth value (i.e. the same reference), but differ i * Gamut, L.T.F. 1991. ''Logic, language, and meaning,'' Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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